Design of three-bit binary to gray converter based on metal&#x2013;insulator&#x2013;metal plasmonic waveguides

Saif H. Abdulwahid; Mohammed R. Saeed; Ahmed Adnan Hadi

doi:10.1364/AO.500028

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 24,
pp. 6456-6463
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.500028

Design of three-bit binary to gray converter based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguides

Saif H. Abdulwahid, Mohammed R. Saeed, and Ahmed Adnan Hadi

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Saif H. Abdulwahid, Mohammed R. Saeed, and Ahmed Adnan Hadi, "Design of three-bit binary to gray converter based on metal–insulator–metal plasmonic waveguides," Appl. Opt. 62, 6456-6463 (2023)

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Abstract

Using the finite element method and COMSOL version 5.5, a three-bit binary to gray converter with three plasmonic substructures and five input and three output ports was designed. Using a ${520}\;{\rm nm} \times {200}\;{\rm nm}$ metal–insulator–metal plasmonic structure, the plasmonic converter was developed. In this configuration, the transmission threshold (${{\rm T}_{\rm{threshold}}}$) is set to 45% at an operating wavelength of 1310 nm. Utilizing the modulation depth, contrast ratio (CR), and insertion loss criteria, the effectiveness of the plasmonic converter is evaluated. For the first, second, and third output terminals, the CR has respective values of 40.1 dB, 9.3 dB, and 9.2 dB.

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Data availability

The corresponding author will provide the datasets and curves produced during the current investigation upon reasonable request.

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Equations (11)

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Binary												T			Output
$B_{2}$	$B_{1}$	$B_{0}$	P7	P5	P8	P9	P3	P10	P11	P1	P12	P6	P4	P2	$G_{2}$	$G_{1}$	$G_{0}$
0	0	0	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	1.8E−5	0.072	0.072	0	0	0
0	0	1	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	1.8E−5	0.072	0.645	0	0	1
0	1	0	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	1.8E−5	0.644	0.638	0	1	1
0	1	1	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	1.8E−5	0.644	0.075	0	1	0
1	0	0	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	1.85	0.639	0.072	1	1	0
1	0	1	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	1.85	0.639	0.645	1	1	1
1	1	0	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	1.85	0.074	0.638	1	0	1
1	1	1	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	1.85	0.074	0.075	1	0	0

Output Power (µW) for $G_{2}$
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$	CR	MD	IL
1.85	1.8E−5	40.1 dB	99.9 %	2.67 dB
Output Power (µW) for $G_{1}$
$P_{Min} \| ON$	$P_{Max} \| OFF$	CR	MD	IL
0.639	0.074	9.3 dB	88.8 %	−1.94 dB
Output Power (µW) for $G_{0}$
$P_{Min} \| ON$	$P_{Max} \| OFF$	CR	MD	IL
0.638	0.075	9.2 dB	88.8 %	−1.95 dB

Criteria	This Work	[32]	[33]	[34]	[35]	[36]
Method	FEM	FDTD	FDTD	FEM	FEM	3D-FEM
Structure	three substructures MIM-PW with square resonator	tapered hybrid plasmonic waveguide	MIM Waveguide	MIM plasmon waveguides	deep-subwavelength plasmonic waveguides	MIM tapered plasmonic waveguide
Proposed circuits	three-bit binary to gray converter	mode converter	all-optical binary to gray code converter	mode converter	mode converter	mode converter
Dimension	$520 n m \times 200 n m$	11 µm	$94.10 \times 26 {µ m}^{2}$	$300 n m \times 500 n m$	$400 n m \times 200 n m$	–
Wavelength	1310 nm	100 nm	1550 nm	1550 nm	–	1550 nm
Dielectric	ZnO	${S i O}_{2}$	–	–	${S i O}_{2}$	Si
Conductor	Silver	–	air	silver	Au	Au
Gauge	T, CR, MD, and IL	ER, and IL	ER, and IL	conversion efficiency, and transmission loss	coupling loss	–

Binary												T			Output
$B_{2}$	$B_{1}$	$B_{0}$	P7	P5	P8	P9	P3	P10	P11	P1	P12	P6	P4	P2	$G_{2}$	$G_{1}$	$G_{0}$
0	0	0	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	1.8E−5	0.072	0.072	0	0	0
0	0	1	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	1.8E−5	0.072	0.645	0	0	1
0	1	0	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	1.8E−5	0.644	0.638	0	1	1
0	1	1	ON (180°)	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	1.8E−5	0.644	0.075	0	1	0
1	0	0	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	OFF	1.85	0.639	0.072	1	1	0
1	0	1	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	OFF	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	1.85	0.639	0.645	1	1	1
1	1	0	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	OFF	1.85	0.074	0.638	1	0	1
1	1	1	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	ON (0°)	ON (90°)	ON (180°)	1.85	0.074	0.075	1	0	0

Output Power (µW) for $G_{2}$
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$	CR	MD	IL
1.85	1.8E−5	40.1 dB	99.9 %	2.67 dB
Output Power (µW) for $G_{1}$
$P_{Min} \| ON$	$P_{Max} \| OFF$	CR	MD	IL
0.639	0.074	9.3 dB	88.8 %	−1.94 dB
Output Power (µW) for $G_{0}$
$P_{Min} \| ON$	$P_{Max} \| OFF$	CR	MD	IL
0.638	0.075	9.2 dB	88.8 %	−1.95 dB

Abstract

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (6)

Tables (3)

Equations (11)

Applied Optics