Optical 2-bit nanoscale multiplier using MIM waveguides

Yousif Jawad Kadhim Nukhailawi; Nashwan J. Hussein

doi:10.1364/AO.514642

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 3,
pp. 714-720
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.514642

Optical 2-bit nanoscale multiplier using MIM waveguides

Yousif Jawad Kadhim Nukhailawi and Nashwan J. Hussein

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Yousif Jawad Kadhim Nukhailawi and Nashwan J. Hussein, "Optical 2-bit nanoscale multiplier using MIM waveguides," Appl. Opt. 63, 714-720 (2024)

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Table of Contents Category
- Surface Optics and Plasmonics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 29, 2023
- Revised Manuscript: December 17, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: December 18, 2023
- Published: January 12, 2024

Abstract

The plasmonic 2-bit multiplier is designed at a 1310 nm operating wavelength and a 65% transmission threshold (${{\rm T}_{{\rm threshold}}}$). Using the finite element method (FEM) with the COMSOL version 15 software, we simulated the suggested 2-bit multiplier, based on the principle of the constructive and destructive interferences between the input light waves. The results were delivered in graphs containing the transmission level (T) versus an operating wavelength range between 800 and 2000 nm, magnetic field distribution, modulation depth (MD), contrast ratio (CR), and insertion loss (IL). The modulation depth was 99.91%, the CR was 14.75 dB, and the IL was ${-}{1.2}\;{\rm dB}$.

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Data availability

The corresponding author will provide the datasets and curves produced during the current investigation upon reasonable request.

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Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Inputs				Output				Transmission Values
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1	P4	P3	P2	P1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.064/0.65	0.064/0.65	0.064/0.65	0.064/0.65
0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65
0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65
0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65
0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65
0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0.082/0.65	0.082/0.65	0.082/0.65	0.827/0.65
0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0.064/0.65	0.064/0.65	0.911/0.65	0.064/0.65
0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0.022/0.65	0.022/0.65	1.589/0.65	1.589/0.65
1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65	0.002/0.65
1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0.064/0.65	0.064/0.65	0.749/0.65	0.064/0.65
1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0.051/0.65	0.827/0.65	0.052/0.65	0.052/0.65
1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0.009/0.65	1.47/0.65	1.47/0.65	0.009/0.65
1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65	0.044/0.65
1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0.009/0.65	0.009/0.65	1.47/0.65	1.47/0.65
1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0.022/0.65	1.58/0.65	1.58/0.65	0.022/0.65
1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	2.45/0.65	0.03/0.65	0.03/0.65	2.45/0.65

No. of	Type of
Ports	Interference	Aspects of Phase
2	Constructive	ON (0°)		ON (0°)
2	Destructive	ON (0°)		ON (180°)
3	Constructive	ON (0°)	ON (0°)		ON (0°)
3	Destructive	ON (0°)	ON (90°)		ON (180°)
4	Constructive	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)	ON (0°)
4	Destructive	ON (0°)	ON (180°)	ON (0°)	ON (180°)

Y1		CR	MD	IL
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$
0.827	0.064	11.11 dB	99.91%	−0.8 dB

Y2		CR	MD	IL
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$
0.749	0.082	9.60 dB	99.87%	−1.2 dB

Y3		CR	MD	IL
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$
0.827	0.082	10.03 dB	99.87%	− 0.8 dB

Y4		CR	MD	IL
$P_{M i n} \| O N$	$P_{M a x} \| O F F$
2.45	0.082	14.75 dB	99.91%	3.8 dB

References	This Research	[35]	[36]	[37]
Aspects	T, CR, IL, and MD	Transmission Speed and Transmission Efficiency	Power Coupling, Extinction Ratio (ER) and Signal Quality	Crosstalk, ER, and Transition Loss
Software	COMSOL	FDTD	—	Opti-BPM
Proposed structure	Four nanoscale sub-structures of MIM plasmonic waveguide	3D-MIM layers	Canonical Logic Units-based Programmable Logic Array (CLUs-PLA)	Mach–Zehnder Interferometers
Size	$690 n m \times 200 n m$	$120 n m \times 100 n m$	—	500–20,000 µm
Wavelength	1310 nm	$f = 1 T H z$	1550 nm	1.3 nm
Dielectric	Fused silica	${S i O}_{2}$	${S i}_{3} N_{4}$	${L i N b O}_{3}$
Nobel metal	Ag	Ag	AlGaAs	—
CR	14.75 dB	—	9.4 dB	39.27 dB
MD	99.91%	—	—	—
IL	3.8 dB	—	—	−32 dB, 24.47 dB, and −36.67 dB
$T_{t h r e s h o l d}$	65%	40.4%	—	—
Max. T	2.45	0.8	—	0.5
Amplifying of T	YES	NO	NO	NO
Design

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Abstract

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (5)

Tables (5)

Equations (11)

Applied Optics

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1

Input				Output
A	B	C	D	Y4	Y3	Y2	Y1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1	0	1	1	0
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1