Cancer cell detection by plasmonic dual V-shaped PCF biosensor

M. Abdelghaffar; M. Abdelghaffar; M. Abdelghaffar; Yusuf Gamal; Yusuf Gamal; Reda A. El-Khoribi; Wafaa Soliman; Y. Badr; Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed; Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed; Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed; S. S. A. Obayya; S. S. A. Obayya

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.500921

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 41,
Issue 1,
pp. 222-229
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.500921

Cancer cell detection by plasmonic dual V-shaped PCF biosensor

M. Abdelghaffar, Yusuf Gamal, Reda A. El-Khoribi, Wafaa Soliman, Y. Badr, Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed, and S. S. A. Obayya

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M. Abdelghaffar, Yusuf Gamal, Reda A. El-Khoribi, Wafaa Soliman, Y. Badr, Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed, and S. S. A. Obayya, "Cancer cell detection by plasmonic dual V-shaped PCF biosensor," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 41, 222-229 (2024)

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Abstract

In this paper, a highly sensitive plasmonic photonic crystal fiber (PCF) biosensor is reported for cancer cell detection. The modal analysis of the reported biosensor is performed using the full vectorial finite element method. The suggested PCF sensor has dual V-shaped groves to enhance the sensor sensitivity where two gold nano-rods are mounted on the etched surfaces. The main idea of the optical sensors is to track the electromagnetic coupling between the leaky core mode and the surface plasmon mode (SPM) at the metal/dielectric interface. When the SPM and one of the fundamental core modes are phase-matched, strong coupling occurs. Therefore, maximum confinement loss is achieved for the core-guided mode at the resonance wavelength, which depends on the analyte refractive index (RI). The V-shaped groove enhances the core/SPM coupling where high RI sensitivity of 24,000 nm/RIU is achieved along the RI range from 1.38 to 1.39, with a resolution of $2.703 \times {10^{- 6}}\;{\rm RIU}$. The potential of using the suggested RI sensor for cancer cell detection is then demonstrated. In this context, high sensitivities of 23,700 nm/RIU, 8,208 nm/RIU, and 14,428.6 are obtained for basal, cervical, and breast cancer cells with resolutions of $4.22 \times {10^{- 6}}\;{\rm RIU}$, $12.18 \times {10^{- 6}}\;{\rm RIU}$, and $6.93 \times {10^{- 6}}\;{\rm RIU}$, respectively. The achieved sensitivity and resolution are higher than those of the recently reported cancer biosensors. Moreover, the developed label-free biosensor is safer than other chemical and surgical techniques.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Cell Name	Concentration (%)	RI (RIU)	$λ_{r}$ (nm)	$Δ_{n}$ (RIU)	S (nm/RIU)	FOM (RIU)
Basal cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.36	1584	–
Basal cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.38	1110	0.02	23,700	237
Cervical cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.368	1547	–	–
Cervical cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.392	1350	0.024	8208	28.3
Breast Cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.385	1216	–	–
Breast Cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.399	1418	0.014	14,428.6	49.24

Reference	Design	Applications [Sensitivity (nm/RIU)]
Ayyanar et al. [21]	Dual core photonic crystal fiber	Cervical cells (10,625) Breast cells (7857.14) Basel cells (6000)
Mollah et al. [22]	Twin core photonic crystal fiber	RI detection (8571.43)
Yasli [23]	PCF biocensor with gold nanolayer	Hela cancerous cells (7142)
Shekar et al. [24]	Plasmonic nano cavity implantation biosensor	Melanoma cancer cells (300)
Walter et al. [25]	Multimode plasmonic optical fiber biosensor	RI detection (608)
Azzam et al. [26]	Silver/gold doped multichannel biosensor	RI detection (3083)
Jindal et al. [27]	Nanocavity linked PC waveguide	RI detection (up to 391)
Ramanujam et al. [32]	Photonic crystal waveguide	Breast cells (43)
Jabin et al. [47]	Bowl-shaped PCF	Cervical cells (10,208.33) Breast cells (17,857.14)
This work	Dual V-shaped SPR-PCF biosensor	Cervical cells (8208) Breast cells (14,428.6) Basel cells (23,700) RI detection (24,000)

	Sensitivity $(n m / R I U)$
	Optimized	$S_{+ 5 %}$	$S_{- 5 %}$
$t$ (µm)	24,000	22,100	25,800
$Λ$ (µm)	24,000	17,000	20,000
$θ^{\circ}$	24,000	24,000	23,000

Cell Name	Concentration (%)	RI (RIU)	$λ_{r}$ (nm)	$Δ_{n}$ (RIU)	S (nm/RIU)	FOM (RIU)
Basal cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.36	1584	–
Basal cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.38	1110	0.02	23,700	237
Cervical cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.368	1547	–	–
Cervical cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.392	1350	0.024	8208	28.3
Breast Cell [46]	Normal (40%–60%)	1.385	1216	–	–
Breast Cell [46]	Cancer (80%)	1.399	1418	0.014	14,428.6	49.24

Reference	Design	Applications [Sensitivity (nm/RIU)]
Ayyanar et al. [21]	Dual core photonic crystal fiber	Cervical cells (10,625) Breast cells (7857.14) Basel cells (6000)
Mollah et al. [22]	Twin core photonic crystal fiber	RI detection (8571.43)
Yasli [23]	PCF biocensor with gold nanolayer	Hela cancerous cells (7142)
Shekar et al. [24]	Plasmonic nano cavity implantation biosensor	Melanoma cancer cells (300)
Walter et al. [25]	Multimode plasmonic optical fiber biosensor	RI detection (608)
Azzam et al. [26]	Silver/gold doped multichannel biosensor	RI detection (3083)
Jindal et al. [27]	Nanocavity linked PC waveguide	RI detection (up to 391)
Ramanujam et al. [32]	Photonic crystal waveguide	Breast cells (43)
Jabin et al. [47]	Bowl-shaped PCF	Cervical cells (10,208.33) Breast cells (17,857.14)
This work	Dual V-shaped SPR-PCF biosensor	Cervical cells (8208) Breast cells (14,428.6) Basel cells (23,700) RI detection (24,000)

Mohamed Farhat O. Hameed	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5677-7685
S. S. A. Obayya	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2436-0791

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B