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Abstract
High-energy femtosecond laser pulses in the mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength range are essential for a wide range of applications from strong-field physics to selectively pump and probe low energy excitations in condensed matter and molecular vibrations. Here we report a four stage optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) which generates ultrashort pulses at a central wavelength of 3000 nm with 430 $\mu$J energy per pulse at a bandwidth of 490 nm. Broadband emission of a Ti:sapphire oscillator seeds both the four stage OPCPA 800 nm and the pump line at 1030 nm. The first stage amplifies the 800 nm pulses in BBO using a non-collinear configuration. The second stage converts the wavelength to 1560 nm using difference frequency generation in BBO in a collinear geometry. The third stage amplifies this frequency non-collinearly in KTA. Finally, the fourth stage generates the 3000 nm radiation in a collinear configuration in LiIO$_3$ due to the broad amplification bandwidth this crystal provides. We compress these pulses to 65 fs by transmission through sapphire. Quantitative calculations of the individual non-linear processes in all stages verify that our OPCPA architecture operates close to optimum efficiency. Low absorption losses suggest that this particular design is very suitable for operation at high average power and multi kHz repetition rates.
© 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement
1. Introduction
Development of high power femtosecond laser sources in the MIR range is of high practical interest. On the one hand, this holds for the physics of strong field interactions, because the ponderomotive energy of electrons in the laser field increases quadratically with the laser wavelength. This brings about new possibilities in particle acceleration [1,2], high order harmonic generation in gases [3,4] and solids [5], attosecond electronics [6], and K$_{\alpha }$ x-ray generation [7]. On the other hand, femtosecond MIR pulses are essential for time resolved spectroscopy of molecules in gas phase and condensed matter in general. Combined with the above mentioned high harmonic generation MIR pulses also offer a unique possibility of carrying out complementary pump-probe measurements both in the infrared and soft x-ray spectral range.
Well-established sources of femtosecond pulses in the MIR range are optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and amplifiers (for the laser MIR sources see [8] and references therein). OPOs synchronously pumped by mode locked Ti:sapphire lasers work at high repetition rates (about 100 MHz) and deliver relatively low energy pulses (below 1 nJ) [9,10]. Pulse energies on a microjoule (or even tens of microjoules) level can be achieved with sources utilizing Ti:sapphire or Yb:KGW systems with the repetition rates of about 1 kHz [6,11–14]. Switching from this "short pulse" parametric generation to the OPCPA technique [15] allows much higher average power and/or pulse energy using, e.g., picosecond Yb$^{3+}$ or Nd$^{3+}$ pump lasers. In [16], for example, 42 fs pulses at the wavelength of 3400 nm with the energy of 12 $\mu$J were generated at the repetition rate of 50 kHz (see also [17,18]). At the repetition rate of 1 kHz an energy of 1 mJ at the wavelength of 5 $\mu$m was reached [19]. Energies up to 20 mJ at the repetition rate of 20 Hz were demonstrated in [20] (see also [21]). Compared to conventional laser amplifiers high power OPCPA also benefit from much lower thermal load of the amplifying medium.
Several crystals (e.g. LiNbO$_3$, KNbO$_3$, LiIO$_3$, KTA, RTA) support bandwidths needed for sub- 100 fs MIR pulse generation. The largest bandwidths are achieved making use of noncollinear optical parametric amplification (NOPA) [22,23], where the large bandwidth of the signal is achieved by introducing an angular chirp to the idler wave. However, the chirp has to be avoided at the stage, where the MIR radiation is generated as an idler. This makes the choice of a suitable crystals challenging, although in [24–26] some methods of correction for the idler chirp after NOPA stages have been demonstrated. In [16] the broadband amplification (about 400 nm bandwidth with the central wavelength of 3400 nm) was achieved using aperiodically poled MgO:LiNbO$_3$ (see also [27–30]). In [20] the authors make use of a remarkably wide bandwidth of the collinear conversion in KTA type II interaction at the wavelength of 3900 nm by pumping at the wavelength of about 1000 nm. Unfortunately, KTA crystals start to absorb at the wavelengths longer than 3500 nm [31], which may lead to limitations in high-repetition-rate systems due to thermal distortions [32,33].
In this paper we report an OPCPA system producing sub-70 fs pulses at the wavelength of 3000 nm with the pulse energy of 430 $\mu$J at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. Our experimental measurements are supported by calculations using a specially developed split-step 2D Matlab code.
2. Experimental
The OPCPA architecture is depicted in Fig. 1. The system is seeded by a Ti:sapphire (Ti:Sa) oscillator producing 6 fs pulses at the central wavelength of 800 nm with the energy of 2.5 nJ per pulse and the repetition rate of 80 MHz. The pulse duration was measured directly after the laser output using SPIDER. The spectrum of the Ti:Sa oscillator is presented in the inset to Fig. 1. A fraction of the emission at the wavelength of 1030$\pm$2 nm is used to seed the OPCPA pump channel.
Fig. 1. OPCPA schematic. A broadband Ti:Sa oscillator is used as a seed source both for the OPCPA itself and for the pump channel. The 6 fs pulses at the wavelength of 800 nm are stretched and used as seed for the four stage OPCPA, consisting of two BBO crystals followed by KTA and LiIO$_3$ stages. The pump channel is seeded with 1030 nm pulses and consists of fiber pre-amplifier with electro-optical modulator (FA & EOM), stretcher, Yb$^{3+}$ bulk pre-amplifier, Innoslab power amplifier, and compressor. Part of the pump radiation is converted to SH in LBO crystal for pumping of BBO stages. Half-wave plates ($\lambda$/2) are used to control the polarization and together with polarizers (P) to adjust pump intensities. Photodiodes (PDs) together with the computer controlled translation stage (TS) are used to set a proper delay between the pump and the amplified pulses. DM, BD, and SP stand for dichroic mirrors, beam dumps, and sapphire plate, respectively. The beam diameters are adjusted with the help of telescopes, which are not shown. Inset: spectrum of the Ti:Sa oscillator.
2.1 Pump channel
The above mentioned narrow band Ti:Sa emission at 1030 nm with 30 pJ/pulse passes through an electro optical modulator (EOM), which reduces the pulse repetition rate down to 20 MHz. After a fiber pre-amplifier the pulses with the energy of about 1 nJ are stretched to the duration of about 2 ns. The stretched pulses are amplified in a two stage amplifier with the maximum repetition rate of 300 kHz: a commercial regenerative Yb:KGW amplifier (Amplitude Systems) and subsequently in an Innoslab [34] power amplifier (Amphos GmbH). The maximum average output power of the pump channel reaches 400 W at repetition rates from about 20 to 300 kHz. In the present work the repetition rate was 100 Hz . The output pulses with the energy of 20 mJ are compressed to the duration of 1.2 ps. For the stretching and recompression multilayer dielectric gratings (LLNL) with the line density of 1740 1/mm at the angle of incidence of 57$^\circ$ are used. The effective grating distance is 4 m in a folded stretcher and compressor geometry. A 1 mJ fraction of the compressed pulse energy with a flat top spatial profile is frequency doubled in a 2 mm LBO crystal. The crystal is heated to 190$^\circ$C in order to achieve non-critical phase matching. The second harmonic (SH) pulses at the wavelength of 515 nm with the energy of 700 $\mu$J are used to pump the first two OPCPA stages as indicated in Fig. 1.
2.2 OPCPA
The seed pulses provided by the Ti:Sa oscillator are amplified in the first stage in a 3.9 mm thick type I BBO crystal ($\theta$ = 24.3$^\circ$). The interaction is non-collinearly phase matched with the angle of 2.4$^\circ$ between the pump and the seed beams. Before amplification the 6 fs pulses are stretched with the help of a 10 cm BK7 slab to the duration of 3 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM), which is longer than the pump pulse duration. By changing the delay between the pump and the strongly chirped seed pulses one may choose the central wavelength at which the amplification takes place. The actual delay is set using an active stabilization system [35,36] which utilizes the angular dispersion of an idler, which is intrinsic for non-collinear phase matching. Two parts of the spatially dispersed idler spectrum are measured using two photodiodes. The diode difference signal is used as a process variable for a PID controller, which sets the proper delay using a motorized translation stage.
The experimental and the calculated output energy of the first stage are compared in Fig. 2(a) for the amplified spectrum centered around 770 nm. The pump and seed beam diameters are 0.85 mm and 0.64 mm, respectively. The amplified signal pulse energy is measured with a calibrated fast photodiode. It can be seen that at the pump intensity of 35 GW/cm$^2$ the output energy reaches 25 $\mu$J. The saturation of the energy curve starts as the pump intensity approaches 20 GW/cm$^2$. Our 2D calculations show, that above this pump intensity level spatial and temporal distortions of the signal wave rapidly develop. For this reason the stage is subsequently operated at the pump intensity of 20 GW/cm$^2$ which corresponds to the pulse energy of about 100 $\mu$J assuming 0.9 ps pulse duration with the output signal energy of about 10 $\mu$J.
Fig. 2. Calculated (red) and measured (open circles) output energy of the first OPCPA stage over five orders of magnitude (a). Experimental (black) and calculated (red) SH spectra are shown in panel (b). The calculated spectrum of the signal is shown in panel (c).
Direct spectral measurements of the amplified pulses faced the challenge of a strong background stemming from unamplified seed pulses at high repetition rate (80 MHz). This background was suppressed by conversion of the signal to the SH using a 60 $\mu$m BBO crystal. The SH spectrum was measured using a grating spectrometer with a CCD (charge coupled device) camera. The SH spectrum together with the calculated one as well as the corresponding calculated signal spectrum are presented in Fig. 2(b) and 2(c). Due to good agreement between the two SH spectra in 2(b), we assume that the real signal spectrum is indeed close to the one drawn in Fig. 2(c). Its bandwidth of about 35 nm FWHM supports 30 fs pulses.
Now we turn to the second OPCPA stage. A 0.6 mm type I BBO ($\theta$ = 22.5$^\circ$) crystal is seeded by the signal wave of the first OPCPA stage and is used in the difference frequency generation (DFG). The pump and the signal beams are interacting collinearly in order to avoid the angular chirp of the idler wave. The diameters of both beams are 0.6 mm FWHM. With the pump and the seed pulse energies of 400 $\mu$J and 6 $\mu$J, respectively, the output energy at the central wavelength of 1560 nm is 20 $\mu$J. The corresponding measured and calculated spectra are presented in Fig. 3. The scanning monochromator coupled with an InGaAs photodiode was used for the spectral measurements. The measured spectral width (FWHM) of the idler of 105 nm supports 43 fs pulses.
Fig. 3. Second OPCPA stage: calculated (red) and measured (black) spectra of the SH of the signal pulse (a), of the signal (b) and of the idler (c), respectively.
In the third NOPA OPCPA stage a 3 mm thick type II KTA crystal with $\theta = 48.6 ^\circ$ is used. The stage is seeded by the idler pulses of the second stage with the pulse energy of 15 $\mu$J at a non-collinearity angle of $4.2 ^\circ$. The output energy at the central wavelength of 1560 nm reached 200 $\mu$J with a 140 nm bandwidth FWHM using pump pulses with the energy of 1.5 mJ. The corresponding spectra can be seen in Fig. 4. The SH and the IR spectra were measured using the spectrometer with the CCD camera and the scanning monochromator with the InGaAs photodiode, respectively.
Fig. 4. Third OPCPA stage: calculated (red) and measured (black) spectra of the SH of the signal pulse (a) and of the signal pulse (b). The calculated idler spectrum (c) is wide enough to support sub 40 fs pulses.
The fourth and last OPCPA stage is used to shift the wavelength to the MIR range. A 4 mm thick type I LiIO$_3$ crystal, $\theta = 19^\circ$ is pumped with 9 mJ pulses at the wavelength of 1030 nm. With the seed energy of 200 $\mu$J at 1560 nm the output energy of the idler at 3000 nm reaches 430 $\mu$J. The LiIO$_3$ crystal was chosen because its wide amplification bandwidth in collinear geometry. The corresponding spectra are presented in Fig. 5. They were measured using frequency up conversion in a thin KTA crystal. For the up conversion we used pump pulses at the wavelength of 1030 nm. The spectra of the resulting frequency shifted pulses were centered around 770 nm. Unlike the case of the SH generation, the measured up converted spectra can be directly mapped to the MIR range (Fig. 5(b)). This is possible, because the pump spectral width (1.7 nm FWHM) is much smaller and the pulse duration (1.2 ps) longer compared to those of the idler. In order to check the validity of this measurement we have also measured the idler spectrum using a monochromator with a PbSe photodiode (Fig. 5(b), blue dashed line). It can be seen that the directly measured MIR spectrum is cut in the vicinity of 2700-2800 nm. The beam path from the last OPCPA stage to the monochromator is about 3 meters, so this cut can be attributed to the water vapor absorption. The up conversion method delivers an unperturbed spectrum, because the up conversion KTA crystal is placed immediately after the LiIO$_3$ crystal. Another advantage of the up conversion is that the spectra are recorded using a conventional CCD camera practically in a "single shot" mode, which makes the alignment much easier. The idler pulse duration (<500 fs) can be estimated from the autocorrelation measurement of the signal pulse (see Fig. 6(a)).
Fig. 5. Calculated (red) and measured (solid black, dashed blue) spectra after the fourth stage. Spectrum of the idler pulse up converted in a thin KTA crystal using pump at 1030 nm (a). Spectra of the idler (b) and signal (c).
Fig. 6. Second order AC trace of uncompressed signal pulses at the wavelength of 1560 nm (a) and of the compressed MIR pulses at the wavelength of 3000 nm (b), red solid curve. Black dashed line in (b) corresponds to a Gaussian function with 90 fs FWHM. Panel (c) shows the intensity distribution in the 3000 nm beam (recorded using a DataRay camera WinCamD-IR-BB).
According to Fig. 5(b) the bandwidth of the 3000 nm pulses exceeds 490 nm FWHM. This bandwidth supports 35 fs pulse duration, if properly compressed. In this work we have used a simple compression using sapphire plates to compensate only for the second order dispersion. A second order autocorrelation (AC) function using a 0.5 cm sapphire plate is presented in Fig. 6(b). From the measured AC width of 90 fs (FWHM) we estimate the pulse duration to be about 65 fs using the deconvolution factor of 1.4 for Gaussian pulses. In all the stages the calculated B-integral at maximum intensity was below $\pi$/4, assuming the nonlinear refraction index $\tilde {n}_{2}$ to be 8$\times$10$^{-16}$, 17$\times$10$^{-16}$, and $\leq$20$\times$10$^{-16}$ cm$^2$/W for BBO, KTA, and LiIO$_3$, respectively. The intensity distribution in the 3000 nm beam taken at 1 m distance from the LiIO$_3$ crystal with the help of an infrared CCD camera is shown in Fig. 6(c).
3. Conclusions and outlook
In summary, we report an OPCPA system generating $430~\mu$J pulses at the wavelength of 3000 nm with the bandwidth of 490 nm FWHM and the repetition rate of 100 Hz. Using a simple bulk compressor the pulses were compressed to the duration of about 65 fs. The reported pulse bandwidth supports 35 fs pulses, which can be probably achieved by compensation of higher order dispersion.
The combination of BBO, KTA, and LiIO$_3$ crystals in the four OPCPA stages allows keeping a broad bandwidth at the center wavelength of 3000 nm with little absorption in the crystals. KTA and LiIO$_3$ crystals are available with relatively low absorption at the pump wavelength ($\alpha _{KTA}\approx$ 0.01 %/cm [32]) and $\alpha _{LiIO_3}$< 0.02 %/cm [37]). This may allow MIR pulse production with much higher repetition rates and average powers, e.g. average power >5 W is achievable at the repetition rate of 20 kHz keeping the same pulse energy.
Funding
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1242, project number 278162697).
Acknowledgments
We thank Frank Meyer for his experimental support and initial development of the Matlab code. We are also very grateful to A. Baltuška, A. Pugžlys, and S. Ališauskas for their valuable help in early stages of the work.
Disclosures
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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