Finite-difference Time-domain Study on Birefringence Changes of the Axon During Neural Activation

Jong-Hwan Lee; Sung-June Kim

Abstract

Recently, there has been a growing interest in optical imaging of neural activity because the optical neuroimaging has considerable advantages over conventional imaging. Birefringence of the axon has been reported to change during neural activation, but the neurophysiological origin of the change is still unresolved. This study hypothesizes that the birefringence signal is at least partially attributed to the transient cellular volume change associated with nerve excitation. To examine this hypothesis, we investigated how the intensity of cross-polarized light transmitting through the axon would change as the size of the axon changes. For this purpose, a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain program was developed with the improvement of the total-field/scattered-field method which reduces numerical noise. The results support our hypothesis in that the computed cross-polarized signals exhibit some agreement with previously-reported birefringence signals.

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L. B. Cohen, R. D. Keynes, and B. Hille, "Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity," Nature 218, 438-441 (1968)
[Crossref]
I. Tasaki, A. Watanabe, R. Sandlin, and L. Carnay, "Changes in fluorescence, turbidity, and birefringence associated with nerve excitation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 61, 883-888 (1968)
[Crossref]
K. M. Carter, J. S. George, and D. M. Rector, "Simultaneous birefringence and scattered light measurements reveal anatomical features in isolated crustacean nerve," J. Neurosci. Meth. 135, 9-16 (2004)
[Crossref]
T. Akkin, C. Joo, and J. F. Boer, "Depth-resolved measurement of transient structural changes during action potential propagation," Biophys. J. 93, 1347-1353 (2007)
[Crossref]
K. S. Yee, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell"s equations in isotropic media," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 14, 302-307 (1966)
[Crossref]
R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Light scattering from cells: finite-difference time-domain simulations and goniometric measurements," Appl. Opt. 38, 3651-3661 (1999)
[Crossref]
R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "A pulsed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for calculating light scattering from biological cells over broad wavelength ranges," Opt. Exp. 6, 147-157 (2000)
J. P. Berenger, "A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves," J. Computational Physics 114, 185-200 (1994)
[Crossref]
S. D. Gedney, "An anisotropic PML absorbing media for FDTD simulation of fields in lossy dispersive media," Electromagnetics 16, 399-415 (1996)
[Crossref]
S. D. Gedney, "An anisotropic perfectly matched layer absorbing media for the truncation of FDTD lattices," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 44, 1630-1639 (1996)
[Crossref]
D. E. Merewether, R. Fisher, and F. W. Smith, "On implementing a numeric Huygen"s source scheme in a finite difference program to illuminate scattering bodies," IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 27, 1829-1833 (1980)
[Crossref]
K. R. Umashankar and A. Taflove, "A novel method to analyze electromagnetic scattering of complex objects," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 24, 397-405 (1982)
[Crossref]
R. Luebbers, S. Kunk, M. Schneider, and F. Hunsberger, "A finite-difference time-domain near zone to far zone transformation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 39, 429-433 (1991)
[Crossref]
A. Taflove and M. Brodwin, "Numerical solution of steadystate electromagnetic scattering problems using the timedependent Maxwell"s equations," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 23, 623-630 (1975)
[Crossref]
J. Maier, S. Walker, S. Fantini, M. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Possible correlation between blood glucose concentration and the reduced scattering coefficient of tissues in the near infrared," Opt. Lett. 19, 2062-2064 (1994)
[Crossref]
A. Brunsting and P. Mullaney, "Differential light scattering from spherical mammalian cells," Biophys. J. 14, 439-453 (1974)
[Crossref]
J. Beuthan, O. Minet, J. Helfmann, M. Herrig, and G. Muller, "The spatial variation of the refractive index in biological cells," Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 369-382 (1996)
[Crossref]

2007 (1)

T. Akkin, C. Joo, and J. F. Boer, "Depth-resolved measurement of transient structural changes during action potential propagation," Biophys. J. 93, 1347-1353 (2007)
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

K. M. Carter, J. S. George, and D. M. Rector, "Simultaneous birefringence and scattered light measurements reveal anatomical features in isolated crustacean nerve," J. Neurosci. Meth. 135, 9-16 (2004)
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "A pulsed finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for calculating light scattering from biological cells over broad wavelength ranges," Opt. Exp. 6, 147-157 (2000)

1999 (1)

R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Light scattering from cells: finite-difference time-domain simulations and goniometric measurements," Appl. Opt. 38, 3651-3661 (1999)
[Crossref]

1996 (3)

S. D. Gedney, "An anisotropic PML absorbing media for FDTD simulation of fields in lossy dispersive media," Electromagnetics 16, 399-415 (1996)
[Crossref]

S. D. Gedney, "An anisotropic perfectly matched layer absorbing media for the truncation of FDTD lattices," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 44, 1630-1639 (1996)
[Crossref]

J. Beuthan, O. Minet, J. Helfmann, M. Herrig, and G. Muller, "The spatial variation of the refractive index in biological cells," Phys. Med. Biol. 41, 369-382 (1996)
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

J. Maier, S. Walker, S. Fantini, M. Franceschini, and E. Gratton, "Possible correlation between blood glucose concentration and the reduced scattering coefficient of tissues in the near infrared," Opt. Lett. 19, 2062-2064 (1994)
[Crossref]

J. P. Berenger, "A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves," J. Computational Physics 114, 185-200 (1994)
[Crossref]

1991 (1)

R. Luebbers, S. Kunk, M. Schneider, and F. Hunsberger, "A finite-difference time-domain near zone to far zone transformation," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 39, 429-433 (1991)
[Crossref]

1982 (1)

K. R. Umashankar and A. Taflove, "A novel method to analyze electromagnetic scattering of complex objects," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 24, 397-405 (1982)
[Crossref]

1980 (1)

D. E. Merewether, R. Fisher, and F. W. Smith, "On implementing a numeric Huygen"s source scheme in a finite difference program to illuminate scattering bodies," IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 27, 1829-1833 (1980)
[Crossref]

1975 (1)

A. Taflove and M. Brodwin, "Numerical solution of steadystate electromagnetic scattering problems using the timedependent Maxwell"s equations," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 23, 623-630 (1975)
[Crossref]

1974 (1)

A. Brunsting and P. Mullaney, "Differential light scattering from spherical mammalian cells," Biophys. J. 14, 439-453 (1974)
[Crossref]

1968 (2)

L. B. Cohen, R. D. Keynes, and B. Hille, "Light scattering and birefringence changes during nerve activity," Nature 218, 438-441 (1968)
[Crossref]

I. Tasaki, A. Watanabe, R. Sandlin, and L. Carnay, "Changes in fluorescence, turbidity, and birefringence associated with nerve excitation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 61, 883-888 (1968)
[Crossref]

1966 (1)

K. S. Yee, "Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell"s equations in isotropic media," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 14, 302-307 (1966)
[Crossref]

Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on (2)