Pupillary Psychosensory Restitution and Aging*

Lillian S. Kumnick

doi:10.1364/JOSA.44.000735

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 44,
Issue 9,
pp. 735-740
(1954)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.44.000735

Pupillary Psychosensory Restitution and Aging

Lillian S. Kumnick

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Lillian S. Kumnick, "Pupillary Psychosensory Restitution and Aging*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44, 735-740 (1954)

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Abstract

The possible changes in pupillary psychosensory restitution (PPR) occurring with age were investigated by means of pupillography. Measurements of pupillary size and motion were obtained from a group of 94 ostensibly normal, white, male and female subjects ranging in age from 7.5 to 90.8 years. The results indicate (1) statistically significant differences in the PPR occurring with age as reflected in a progressive decrease in mean maxima and minima pupil diameters, extent of constriction, and response velocity; (2) in general, a progressive increase in the variability of the response with age; (3) a significant, linear, and negative relationship between age and the PPR, the correlation coefficients ranging from −0.53 to −0.72 (df = 91); (4) a significant relationship between pupil size in the dark and in the light, the correlation coefficient being 0.92; (5) that the relationship in (4) is not attributable to the accompanying decrease in size, since the partial correlation coefficient for the partial correlation between pupil size in the dark and in the light, with the effect of age held constant, is 0.86; and (6) that sex and eye color are not factors in this study. Autonomic nervous system response (revealed in the PPR) and age are variables which should be considered in investigations on pupil size and motion, intensity discrimination, brilliance-function, relative luminosity, and visual fields.

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Item	Source of Variation	Mean Square	df		F
Size at Onset of light	Between age groups	45.84^b	3		26.94***
	Between Ss in same group	1.70	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	14.11	2		63.88***
	Responses X age groups	.60	6		2.72*
	Pooled Ss X responses	.22	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Size at Minimum Constriction	Between age groups	18.45	3		17.56***
	Between Ss in same group	1.05	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	3.90	2		32.77***
	Responses X age groups	.27	6		2.24*
	Pooled Ss X responses	.12	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Extent of Constriction	Between age groups	6.23	3		18.04***
	Between Ss in same group	.35	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	5.76	2		97.78***
	Responses X age groups	.20	6		3.34**
	Pooled Ss X responses	.06	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Speed of Constriction	Between age groups	54.9.54	3		15.03***
	Between Ss in same group	36.57	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	439.47	2		69.33***
	Responses X age groups	15.46	6		2.44*
	Pooled Ss X responses	6.34	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276

Age Groups^b	Pupillary Respones	df	Size at Onset of Light		Size at Minimum Constriction		Extent of Constriction		Speed of Constriction
Age Groups^b	Pupillary Respones	df	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.
I‐‐II			0.11		0.00		0.11		0.51
I‐‐III			1.10	**	0.58		0.53	**	1.56
I‐‐IV	Initial	90	2.01	**	1.14	**	0.87	**	4.81	**
II‐‐III			0.99	**	0.58	*	0.42	*	1.05
II‐‐IV			1.90	**	1.14	**	0.76	**	4.30	*
III‐‐IV			0.91	*	0.56		0.34	*	3.25
I‐‐II			0.07		0.10		−0.02		−0.64
I‐‐III			0.58		0.36		0.22		1.89
I‐‐IV	Fatigued	90	1.54	**	0.99	**	0.55	**	6.16	**
II‐‐III			0.51		0.26		0.24		2.53
II‐‐IV			1.47	**	0.89	**	0.57	**	6.80	**
III‐‐IV			0.96	*	0.63	*	0.33		4.27	*
I‐‐II			0.00		0.04		−0.04		2.00
I‐‐III			0.51		0.29		0.22		3.92	*
I‐‐IV	Restituted	90	1.71	**	1.23	**	0.49	**	7.92	**
II‐‐III			0.51		0.25		0.26		1.92
II‐‐IV			1.71	**	1.19	**	0.53	**	5.92	**
III‐‐IV			1.20	**	0.94	**	0.27		4.00	*
	I‐‐F		0.55	**	0.19	*	0.36	**	−0.95
IV	I‐‐R	175	0.16		0.00		0.17	*	−3.00	**
	F‐‐R		−0.39	**	−0.19	*	−0.19	**	−2.05	**
	I‐‐F		0.50	**	0.12		0.37	**	−1.97	**
III	I‐‐R	175	−0.13		−0.38	**	0.24	**	−3.75	**
	P‐‐R		−0.63	**	−0.50	**	−0.13	*	−1.78	*
	I‐‐F		0.98	**	0.44	**	0.55	**	−3.45	**
II	I‐‐R	175	0.35	**	−0.05		0.40	**	−4.62	**
	F‐‐R		−0.63	**	−0.49	**	−0.15	*	−1.17
	I‐‐F		1.02	**	0.34	**	0.68	**	−2.30	**
I	I‐‐R	175	0.46	**	−0.09		0.55	**	−6.11	**
	F‐‐R		−0.56	**	−0.43	**	−0.13		−3.81	**

Item	Source of Variation	Mean Square	df		F
Size at Onset of light	Between age groups	45.84^b	3		26.94***
	Between Ss in same group	1.70	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	14.11	2		63.88***
	Responses X age groups	.60	6		2.72*
	Pooled Ss X responses	.22	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Size at Minimum Constriction	Between age groups	18.45	3		17.56***
	Between Ss in same group	1.05	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	3.90	2		32.77***
	Responses X age groups	.27	6		2.24*
	Pooled Ss X responses	.12	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Extent of Constriction	Between age groups	6.23	3		18.04***
	Between Ss in same group	.35	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	5.76	2		97.78***
	Responses X age groups	.20	6		3.34**
	Pooled Ss X responses	.06	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276
Speed of Constriction	Between age groups	54.9.54	3		15.03***
	Between Ss in same group	36.57	90
	Total between Ss			93
	Between responses	439.47	2		69.33***
	Responses X age groups	15.46	6		2.44*
	Pooled Ss X responses	6.34	175
	Total within Ss			183
	Total			276

Age Groups^b	Pupillary Respones	df	Size at Onset of Light		Size at Minimum Constriction		Extent of Constriction		Speed of Constriction
Age Groups^b	Pupillary Respones	df	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.	Difference	Level of Signif.
I‐‐II			0.11		0.00		0.11		0.51
I‐‐III			1.10	**	0.58		0.53	**	1.56
I‐‐IV	Initial	90	2.01	**	1.14	**	0.87	**	4.81	**
II‐‐III			0.99	**	0.58	*	0.42	*	1.05
II‐‐IV			1.90	**	1.14	**	0.76	**	4.30	*
III‐‐IV			0.91	*	0.56		0.34	*	3.25
I‐‐II			0.07		0.10		−0.02		−0.64
I‐‐III			0.58		0.36		0.22		1.89
I‐‐IV	Fatigued	90	1.54	**	0.99	**	0.55	**	6.16	**
II‐‐III			0.51		0.26		0.24		2.53
II‐‐IV			1.47	**	0.89	**	0.57	**	6.80	**
III‐‐IV			0.96	*	0.63	*	0.33		4.27	*
I‐‐II			0.00		0.04		−0.04		2.00
I‐‐III			0.51		0.29		0.22		3.92	*
I‐‐IV	Restituted	90	1.71	**	1.23	**	0.49	**	7.92	**
II‐‐III			0.51		0.25		0.26		1.92
II‐‐IV			1.71	**	1.19	**	0.53	**	5.92	**
III‐‐IV			1.20	**	0.94	**	0.27		4.00	*
	I‐‐F		0.55	**	0.19	*	0.36	**	−0.95
IV	I‐‐R	175	0.16		0.00		0.17	*	−3.00	**
	F‐‐R		−0.39	**	−0.19	*	−0.19	**	−2.05	**
	I‐‐F		0.50	**	0.12		0.37	**	−1.97	**
III	I‐‐R	175	−0.13		−0.38	**	0.24	**	−3.75	**
	P‐‐R		−0.63	**	−0.50	**	−0.13	*	−1.78	*
	I‐‐F		0.98	**	0.44	**	0.55	**	−3.45	**
II	I‐‐R	175	0.35	**	−0.05		0.40	**	−4.62	**
	F‐‐R		−0.63	**	−0.49	**	−0.15	*	−1.17
	I‐‐F		1.02	**	0.34	**	0.68	**	−2.30	**
I	I‐‐R	175	0.46	**	−0.09		0.55	**	−6.11	**
	F‐‐R		−0.56	**	−0.43	**	−0.13		−3.81	**

Abstract

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Journal of the Optical Society of America