Multiple HAPS-based space-air-ground network with FSO communication: a performance analysis

Deepshikha Singh; R. Swaminathan; Anh. T. Pham

doi:10.1364/AO.515707

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 9,
pp. 2362-2375
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.515707

Multiple HAPS-based space-air-ground network with FSO communication: a performance analysis

Deepshikha Singh, R. Swaminathan, and Anh. T. Pham

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Deepshikha Singh, R. Swaminathan, and Anh. T. Pham, "Multiple HAPS-based space-air-ground network with FSO communication: a performance analysis," Appl. Opt. 63, 2362-2375 (2024)

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Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics, Fiber Sensors, and Optical Communications
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 11, 2023
- Revised Manuscript: February 26, 2024
- Manuscript Accepted: February 26, 2024
- Published: March 19, 2024

Abstract

Due to the fact that the existing generation of wireless communication cannot possibly keep up with the current traffic explosion and emerging applications, research and development on next-generation (i.e., sixth generation, 6G) wireless technologies is being carried out worldwide. In this regard, it is anticipated that the space-air-ground (SAG) network with free space optics (FSO) communication can provide the terabits per second throughput necessary to sustain various potential 6G applications. However, FSO communications are susceptible to atmospheric turbulence, pointing errors, and beam scintillation effects. To remedy the severe atmospheric effects, we propose a multiple high-altitude platform station (HAPS)-based SAG network with a HAPS selection scheme. For the proposed system, we have derived the closed-form expressions for outage probability, average symbol error rate (SER), ergodic capacity, and outage capacity over Málaga distribution with pointing errors. Further, the asymptotic expressions for outage probability, average SER, and outage capacity were derived to enhance the comprehension of the system from a practical standpoint. It is observed from the numerical results that the multiple HAPS-based FSO system performs better than the existing HAPS-based FSO systems.

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Reference	Configuration	No. of HAPS	FSO Link Distribution	RF Link Distribution	Metric(s)
[9]	SAG FSO with HAPS-to-HAPS and SH FSO links	Two	Lognormal, Gamma–Gamma, Exponentiated Weibull (EW)	—	OP
[10]	SAG FSO with SH hybrid FSO/RF link	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, ASEP
[11]	SAG FSO with SH hybrid FSO/RF link	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	Ergodic capacity (EC)
[12]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	OP, bit error rate (BER)
[13]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF and SH hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	OP, ASEP
[14]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	Secrecy OP
[15]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF and SH hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, ASER
[16]	SAG Hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Málaga	shadowed $κ - μ$	OP, ASER, EC, Outage capacity (OC)
[17]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF with FSO-based RIS-UAV relay	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, Average transmission rate, Spectrum efficiency
[18]	SAG Hybrid FSO/RF with HAPS selection (Relay-to-Destination)	Multiple	EW	shadowed-Rician	OP
[19]	HAPS-based mixed RF/FSO/RF and SAG mixed RF/FSO/FSO/RF	Two	EW	shadowed-Rician	OP, BER
[20]	SAG FSO with site diversity and SAG FSO with SH FSO link	Two	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	Capacity, OP, EC

Reference	System Model	Main Contributions	Comparison with Our Work
[10–17]	Hybrid FSO/RF HAPS-based SAG network	Performance of hybrid FSO/RF communication in HAPS-based SAG network was investigated and demonstrated performance improvement over FSO communication.	All the prior works relied on single HAPS only, whereas in our work we have considered multiple HAPS.
[18]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF with HAPS selection (relay-to-destination)	Investigated the performance of a multiple HAPS-based downlink system, and the HAPS selection was based on channel conditions between satellite and HAPS.	We have considered a multiple HAPS-based SATCOM system for uplink scenario, and the HAPS selection is based on channel conditions between ground-station and HAPS. This is because the HAPS-to-satellite link suffers from negligible channel distortions. Hence, our HAPS selection scheme offers high diversity gain and better performance as compared to [18].
[19]	HAPS-based mixed RF/FSO/RF and SAG mixed RF/FSO/FSO/RF	An end-to-end communication scenario was proposed using two HAPS nodes without HAPS selection schemes, where one HAPS is used for uplink communication and another HAPS is used for downlink communication. Moreover, RF links were assumed for transmission between the ground to HAPS and HAPS to users.	Our proposed model involves an uplink scenario considering multiple HAPS nodes with the HAPS selection technique.
[20]	SAG FSO with site diversity and SAG FSO with the SH FSO link	Authors proposed two solutions to increase the SAG-FSO system reliability. First, the usage of the site diversity technique, i.e., switching between the main and backup sites to counter the adverse effects of atmosphere. Second, the usage of two HAPS nodes, where the ground station switches between HAPS based on the $G H_{j}$ channel quality. Alternatively, if both links are down, then a backup RF link between the ground station and satellite was used to restore the communication	Though the second system model is slightly related to our proposed model as a special case with two HAPS nodes, there were no analytical expressions derived for the performance metrics.

Symbol	Description
$Ω^{'}$	$Ω^{'} = Ω + 2 b_{0} ρ + 2 \sqrt{2 b_{0} ρ Ω} \cos (ϕ_{a} - ϕ_{b})$
$Ω$	Average power of LoS component
$ϕ_{a}$	Deterministic phase of LoS component
$ϕ_{b}$	Deterministic phase of coupled-to-LoS scatter component
$g$	$g = 2 b_{0} (1 - ρ)$
$2 b_{0}$	Average power of the total scatter components
$0 < ρ < 1$	Amount of scattering power coupled to LoS component

$X_{1 k}$	$[(\frac{ξ_{G H_{k}}^{2} + 1}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{ξ_{G H_{k}}^{2} + u}{u}, 1)]$
$X_{2 k}$	$[(\frac{ξ_{G H_{k}}^{2}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{ξ_{G H_{k}}^{2} + u - 1}{u}, 1), (\frac{α_{G H_{k}}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{α_{G H_{k}} + u - 1}{u}, 1), (\frac{n_{l}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{n_{l} + u - 1}{u}, 1)]$ ,
$X_{3 j}$	$[(1, 1), (\frac{ξ_{G H_{j}}^{2} + 1}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{ξ_{G H_{j}}^{2} + u}{u}, 1)]$
$X_{4 j}$	$[(\frac{ξ_{G H_{j}}^{2}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{ξ_{G H_{j}}^{2} + u - 1}{u}, 1), (\frac{α_{G H_{j}}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{α_{G H_{j}} + u - 1}{u}, 1), (\frac{n_{l}}{u}, 1) \dots (\frac{n_{l} + u - 1}{u}, 1), (0, 1)]$

Reference	Configuration	No. of HAPS	FSO Link Distribution	RF Link Distribution	Metric(s)
[9]	SAG FSO with HAPS-to-HAPS and SH FSO links	Two	Lognormal, Gamma–Gamma, Exponentiated Weibull (EW)	—	OP
[10]	SAG FSO with SH hybrid FSO/RF link	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, ASEP
[11]	SAG FSO with SH hybrid FSO/RF link	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	Ergodic capacity (EC)
[12]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	OP, bit error rate (BER)
[13]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF and SH hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	OP, ASEP
[14]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	shadowed-Rician	Secrecy OP
[15]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF and SH hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, ASER
[16]	SAG Hybrid FSO/RF	Single	Málaga	shadowed $κ - μ$	OP, ASER, EC, Outage capacity (OC)
[17]	SAG hybrid FSO/RF with FSO-based RIS-UAV relay	Single	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	OP, Average transmission rate, Spectrum efficiency
[18]	SAG Hybrid FSO/RF with HAPS selection (Relay-to-Destination)	Multiple	EW	shadowed-Rician	OP
[19]	HAPS-based mixed RF/FSO/RF and SAG mixed RF/FSO/FSO/RF	Two	EW	shadowed-Rician	OP, BER
[20]	SAG FSO with site diversity and SAG FSO with SH FSO link	Two	Gamma–Gamma	Rician	Capacity, OP, EC

Abstract

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Equations (51)

Applied Optics