Orthogonal retrieval algorithm of atmospheric temperature profiles from pure rotational Raman lidar signals

Shichun Li; Shichun Li; Yuanyuan Dang; Penghui Zhang; Dengxin Hua; Dengxin Hua; Yingchun Gao; Huige Di; Huige Di; Wenhui Xin; Wenhui Xin

doi:10.1364/AO.509724

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 5,
pp. 1210-1216
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.509724

Orthogonal retrieval algorithm of atmospheric temperature profiles from pure rotational Raman lidar signals

Shichun Li, Yuanyuan Dang, Penghui Zhang, Dengxin Hua, Yingchun Gao, Huige Di, and Wenhui Xin

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Shichun Li, Yuanyuan Dang, Penghui Zhang, Dengxin Hua, Yingchun Gao, Huige Di, and Wenhui Xin, "Orthogonal retrieval algorithm of atmospheric temperature profiles from pure rotational Raman lidar signals," Appl. Opt. 63, 1210-1216 (2024)

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Abstract

Aimed at the stability of calibration coefficients in a general non-orthogonal retrieval algorithm (NRA) of pure rotational Raman lidars (PRRLs), an orthogonal retrieval algorithm (ORA) of atmospheric temperature profiles based on the orthogonal basis function is proposed. This algorithm eliminates the correlation between the calibration coefficients in the NRA to reduce the influence of the number of calibration points and the selection scheme on the calibration coefficients. In this paper, the stabilities of calibration coefficients in the NRA and ORA are compared and analyzed, and the data analysis for atmospheric temperature profiles with a time resolution of minute-level are given, based on the developed Cloud Precipitation Potential Evaluation (CPPV) lidar data and the parallel radiosonde temperature data. The analysis results show that coefficients of variation (CVs) of ORA calibration coefficients are one order of magnitude smaller than those of NRA coefficients. The mean deviation of the ORA retrieval results is roughly reduced by 16.1% compared with the NRA, and the root-mean-square deviation is roughly reduced by 15.0% compared with the NRA. Therefore, the temperature retrieval performance of the ORA is better than that of the NRA.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Transmitter and Receiver
Location	$34^{\circ} 15^{'} N$ , $108^{\circ} 59^{'} E$
Laser	Nd:YAG
Laser wavelength	1064 nm
	532.1 nm
	354.7 nm (For PRRL system)
Pulse energy	400 mJ at 354.7 nm
Frequency	20 Hz
Pulse width	10 ns
Diameter of telescope	400 mm
Laser divergence angle	0.2 mrad
Telescope view field	0.4 mrad
Full overlap, blind zone	1 km, 0.5 km
Spectroscopic system
Beamsplitter^a (BS1)	7:3 for R:T
Dichroic mirror^a (DM1)	$R > 99 %$ at 350–365 nm
Dichroic mirror^a (DM1)	$T > 90 %$ at 380–430 nm
Interference filters	Central wavelength, band wide, peak transmission, optical density
IF1	354.7 nm, 1 nm, 0.7, 5
IF2a, IF2b (combined)	353.9 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.25, 4
IF3a, IF3b (combined)	352.5 nm, 1.1 nm, 0.25, 4
Detector
PMTs	Hamamatsu R3896

Orthogonal Basis Function	$φ_{i} (\frac{1}{T})$ ^a
$φ_{0} (\frac{1}{T})$	1
$φ_{1} (\frac{1}{T})$	$(\frac{1}{T} - α_{1}) φ_{0} (\frac{1}{T})$
$φ_{2} (\frac{1}{T})$	$(\frac{1}{T} - α_{2}) φ_{1} (\frac{1}{T}) - β_{1} φ_{0} (\frac{1}{T})$

Coefficients	CV of ORA Coefficients ( $U$ , $V$ , $W$ )	CV of NRA Coefficients ( $A$ , $B$ , $C$ )
Zero-order	−0.16	1.42
1st-order	0.09	−1.31
2nd-order	0.58	−14.37

NO.	Data (yyyy-mm-dd)	$E_{m e a n}$ of ORA(K)	$E_{R M S D}$ of ORA(K)	$E_{m e a n}$ of NRA(K)	$E_{R M S D}$ of NRA(K)
1	2021-02-22 p.m.	1.16	1.60	1.24	1.68
2	2021-02-23 a.m.	0.98	1.44	1.02	1.47
3	2021-02-23 p.m.	0.66	0.88	0.70	0.92
4	2021-03-02 a.m.	0.83	1.04	1.11	1.29
5	2021-03-03 p.m.	1.56	1.84	1.68	1.95
6	2021-06-05 a.m.	1.37	1.47	1.65	1.83
7	2021-08-21 a.m.	0.58	0.68	0.66	0.79
8	2021-08-25 a.m.	0.73	1.65	0.92	1.83
9	2021-08-28 a.m.	0.62	0.73	0.71	0.81
10	2021-09-12 a.m.	0.38	0.56	0.41	0.61
11	2021-09-13 a.m.	0.44	0.53	1.00	1.30
12	2021-09-14 a.m.	0.70	0.89	0.87	1.15

Transmitter and Receiver
Location	$34^{\circ} 15^{'} N$ , $108^{\circ} 59^{'} E$
Laser	Nd:YAG
Laser wavelength	1064 nm
	532.1 nm
	354.7 nm (For PRRL system)
Pulse energy	400 mJ at 354.7 nm
Frequency	20 Hz
Pulse width	10 ns
Diameter of telescope	400 mm
Laser divergence angle	0.2 mrad
Telescope view field	0.4 mrad
Full overlap, blind zone	1 km, 0.5 km
Spectroscopic system
Beamsplitter^a (BS1)	7:3 for R:T
Dichroic mirror^a (DM1)	$R > 99 %$ at 350–365 nm
Dichroic mirror^a (DM1)	$T > 90 %$ at 380–430 nm
Interference filters	Central wavelength, band wide, peak transmission, optical density
IF1	354.7 nm, 1 nm, 0.7, 5
IF2a, IF2b (combined)	353.9 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.25, 4
IF3a, IF3b (combined)	352.5 nm, 1.1 nm, 0.25, 4
Detector
PMTs	Hamamatsu R3896

Abstract

Data availability

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Figures (5)

Tables (4)

Equations (16)

Applied Optics