Optimal design of a 4 × 4 MMI thermal optical switch with trapezoidal air trenches

Yuling Shang; Jinzhuo Zhou; Hui Jiang; Xiang He; Xiaojing Ye; Chunquan Li

doi:10.1364/AO.482133

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 6,
pp. 1521-1527
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.482133

Optimal design of a 4 × 4 MMI thermal optical switch with trapezoidal air trenches

Yuling Shang, Jinzhuo Zhou, Hui Jiang, Xiang He, Xiaojing Ye, and Chunquan Li

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Yuling Shang, Jinzhuo Zhou, Hui Jiang, Xiang He, Xiaojing Ye, and Chunquan Li, "Optimal design of a 4 × 4 MMI thermal optical switch with trapezoidal air trenches," Appl. Opt. 62, 1521-1527 (2023)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 2, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: January 18, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: January 22, 2023
- Published: February 13, 2023

Abstract

Optical switches are important in signal routing and switching. In this paper, a thermal optical switch with trapezoidal air trenches is proposed. The proposed structure consists of two cascaded ${4} \times {4}$ multimode interference (MMI) couplers. The beam propagation method is used to optimize the dimension and analyze the characteristics. Simulation results show excess loss (EL) and insertion loss (IL) are less than 0.14 dB and 0.22 dB at the wavelength of 1550 nm, respectively. Besides, the extinction ratio (ER) is higher than 21 dB. This design has the advantages of small size, low loss, and high flexibility, which is promising for application to all-optical network routing.

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Input Ports	$Δ φ_{1}$	$Δ φ_{2}$	$Δ φ_{3}$	$Δ φ_{4}$	Output Ports
I1	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O1
I1	$π$	$π$	0	0	O2
I1	$π$	0	$π$	0	O3
I1	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O4
I2	$π$	$π$	0	0	O1
I2	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O2
I2	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O3
I2	$π$	0	$π$	0	O4
I3	$π$	0	$π$	0	O1
I3	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O2
I3	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O3
I3	$π$	$π$	0	0	O4
I4	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O1
I4	$π$	0	$π$	0	O2
I4	$π$	$π$	0	0	O3
I4	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O4

$N \times N$	Structure	IL (dB)	EL (dB)	ER (dB)	Ref.
$2 \times 2$	MMI	0.08–0.39	–	16.18–19.91	[31]
$2 \times 2$	MMI–MZI	0.23–0.34	–	18.03–31.03	[32]
$3 \times 3$	MMI	0.12–0.4	–	23.2	[22]
$3 \times 3$	MMI	0.27–0.57	–	25.7–35.25	[33]
$4 \times 4$	MMI	0.3	0.17	–	[34]
$4 \times 4$	MMI	0.22–0.12	0.14–0.12	21–43	Ours

Input Ports	$Δ φ_{1}$	$Δ φ_{2}$	$Δ φ_{3}$	$Δ φ_{4}$	Output Ports
I1	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O1
I1	$π$	$π$	0	0	O2
I1	$π$	0	$π$	0	O3
I1	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O4
I2	$π$	$π$	0	0	O1
I2	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O2
I2	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O3
I2	$π$	0	$π$	0	O4
I3	$π$	0	$π$	0	O1
I3	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O2
I3	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O3
I3	$π$	$π$	0	0	O4
I4	$π / 2$	0	0	$π / 2$	O1
I4	$π$	0	$π$	0	O2
I4	$π$	$π$	0	0	O3
I4	0	$π / 2$	$π / 2$	0	O4

$N \times N$	Structure	IL (dB)	EL (dB)	ER (dB)	Ref.
$2 \times 2$	MMI	0.08–0.39	–	16.18–19.91	[31]
$2 \times 2$	MMI–MZI	0.23–0.34	–	18.03–31.03	[32]
$3 \times 3$	MMI	0.12–0.4	–	23.2	[22]
$3 \times 3$	MMI	0.27–0.57	–	25.7–35.25	[33]
$4 \times 4$	MMI	0.3	0.17	–	[34]
$4 \times 4$	MMI	0.22–0.12	0.14–0.12	21–43	Ours

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Applied Optics