Gold-black manufacture, microstructure, and optical characterization

Nazia B. Munir; J. R. Mahan; Luan C. Doan; N. Q. Vinh; Kory J. Priestley

doi:10.1364/AO.430686

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 23,
pp. 6857-6868
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.430686

Gold-black manufacture, microstructure, and optical characterization

Nazia B. Munir, J. R. Mahan, Luan C. Doan, N. Q. Vinh, and Kory J. Priestley

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Nazia B. Munir, J. R. Mahan, Luan C. Doan, N. Q. Vinh, and Kory J. Priestley, "Gold-black manufacture, microstructure, and optical characterization," Appl. Opt. 60, 6857-6868 (2021)

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Abstract

A previous contribution formulates a first-principle dipole antenna theory for predicting the polarization-sensitive directional spectral absorptance of gold-black in the near infrared. The current contribution chronicles a successful effort to validate that theory. After a brief review of gold-black history, we describe in some detail the design and construction of a vapor-deposition cell for laying down gold-black coatings on a mirrorlike gold substrate. The microstructure of 4- and 8-µm-thick coatings is revealed using scanning electron microscopy. An automated bench-level reflectometer has been used to measure the in-plane bidirectional reflectivity of the gold-black coatings in the visible (532 nm) and near-infrared (800 nm) for $p$ and $s$ polarization. Measurements are reported over incident zenith angles ranging between 10 and 50 deg. Results obtained using the apparatus are consistent with the dipole antenna theory in this range of incident zenith angles.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Source	Substrate Temperature (°C)	Chamber Pressure (torr)	Inert Body Gas	Evaporation Rate (mg/s)	Melt-to- Substrate Distance (cm)	Wavelength (µm)	Substrate Material
Becker et al. [19,20]	−10	0.750–11.25	Nitrogen	0.7, 1	5		Cellulose nitrate films
Ilias et al. [23]		0.75–7.5	Nitrogen		9
Nelms et al. [22]	−55	7.5	Nitrogen		10	Visible to mid Infra-red $< 40$	Chromium and gold coated glass
Harris et al. [10–14]		0.97508	Nitrogen	Between 0.5 & 3.3	7	100	Cellulose nitride film
O’Neill et al. [16,17]		1–20	Helium			0.35–2.4
Lang et al. [18]		0.75	Argon/Nitrogen		6	2–20	Glass, silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum, ceramics and epoxy
Panjwani et al. [26–28]	−13	1st: below $10^{- 5}$ 2nd: back-filledto 0.30–3.00	Nitrogen		10	2–125	Polished silicon substrate
Lehman et al. [21]		1st: $3.75 \times 10^{- 6}$ 2nd: Coat at 0.975 & 1.95			3	1–20	Nickel-coated ${L i T a O}_{3}$ , ${L i N b O}_{3}$ plate
Qian et al. [25]		1.50012		3.3	5	9

Source	Substrate Temperature (°C)	Chamber Pressure (torr)	Inert Body Gas	Evaporation Rate (mg/s)	Melt-to- Substrate Distance (cm)	Wavelength (µm)	Substrate Material
Becker et al. [19,20]	−10	0.750–11.25	Nitrogen	0.7, 1	5		Cellulose nitrate films
Ilias et al. [23]		0.75–7.5	Nitrogen		9
Nelms et al. [22]	−55	7.5	Nitrogen		10	Visible to mid Infra-red $< 40$	Chromium and gold coated glass
Harris et al. [10–14]		0.97508	Nitrogen	Between 0.5 & 3.3	7	100	Cellulose nitride film
O’Neill et al. [16,17]		1–20	Helium			0.35–2.4
Lang et al. [18]		0.75	Argon/Nitrogen		6	2–20	Glass, silicon, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum, ceramics and epoxy
Panjwani et al. [26–28]	−13	1st: below $10^{- 5}$ 2nd: back-filledto 0.30–3.00	Nitrogen		10	2–125	Polished silicon substrate
Lehman et al. [21]		1st: $3.75 \times 10^{- 6}$ 2nd: Coat at 0.975 & 1.95			3	1–20	Nickel-coated ${L i T a O}_{3}$ , ${L i N b O}_{3}$ plate
Qian et al. [25]		1.50012		3.3	5	9

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Equations (9)

Applied Optics