Heterodyne photothermal spectroscopy of methane near 1651 nm inside hollow-core fiber using a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier

Grzegorz Gomolka; Monika Krajewska; Aleksandr M. Khegai; Sergey V. Alyshev; Aleksey S. Lobanov; Sergei V. Firstov; Dariusz Pysz; Grzegorz Stepniewski; Grzegorz Stepniewski; Ryszard Buczynski; Ryszard Buczynski; Mariusz Klimczak; Michal Nikodem

doi:10.1364/AO.420044

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 15,
pp. C84-C91
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.420044

Heterodyne photothermal spectroscopy of methane near 1651 nm inside hollow-core fiber using a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier

Grzegorz Gomolka, Monika Krajewska, Aleksandr M. Khegai, Sergey V. Alyshev, Aleksey S. Lobanov, Sergei V. Firstov, Dariusz Pysz, Grzegorz Stepniewski, Ryszard Buczynski, Mariusz Klimczak, and Michal Nikodem

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Grzegorz Gomolka, Monika Krajewska, Aleksandr M. Khegai, Sergey V. Alyshev, Aleksey S. Lobanov, Sergei V. Firstov, Dariusz Pysz, Grzegorz Stepniewski, Ryszard Buczynski, Mariusz Klimczak, and Michal Nikodem, "Heterodyne photothermal spectroscopy of methane near 1651 nm inside hollow-core fiber using a bismuth-doped fiber amplifier," Appl. Opt. 60, C84-C91 (2021)

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Abstract

We present laser-based methane detection near 1651 nm inside an antiresonant hollow-core fiber (HCF) using photothermal spectroscopy (PTS). A bismuth-doped fiber amplifier capable of delivering up to more than 160 mW at 1651 nm is used to boost the PTS signal amplitude. The design of the system is described, and the impact of various experimental parameters (such as pump source modulation frequency, modulation amplitude, and optical power) on signal amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed. Comparison with similar PTS/HCF-based systems is presented. With 1.3 m long HCF and a fiber amplifier for signal enhancement, this technique is capable of detecting methane at single parts-per-million levels, which makes this robust in-fiber sensing approach promising also for industrial applications such as, e.g., natural gas leak detection.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Configuration	Detection Limit (DL)	Path Length (PL) [m]	$D L \times P L [p p m \times m]$
Single-pass [45]	11 ppm	0.2	2.2
Dual-pass, open-path [46]	29.5 ppm (for averaging time of 1 s)	0.4	11.8
Multipass [47]	12 ppb (for averaging time of 1 s)	290	3.48
Multipass [3]	79 ppb (for averaging time of 1 s)	26.4	2.09
PBG HCF [12]	10 ppm	5.1	51
PBG HCF [47]	10 ppm (for averaging time of 1 s)	0.8	8
PBG HCF [49]	4.3 ppm (for averaging time of 0.5 s)	0.45	1.94
This work (AR HCF)	2.06 ppm (for 1 Hz bandwidth)	1.3	2.68

Aleksandr M. Khegai	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6167-8574
Sergei V. Firstov	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-7973
Ryszard Buczynski	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-725X
Mariusz Klimczak	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3110-9792
Michal Nikodem	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-1793

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Applied Optics