Abstract
Lithium niobate crystal is widely used for the design and fabrication of integrated electro-optic modulators. As a ferroelectric material, one sees its spontaneous polarization change with temperature variations. This phenomenon, known as the pyroelectric effect, induces strong waveguide transmission variations for waveguides realized on $Z$-cut wafers. Waveguides made by titanium in-diffusion either on the ${{\rm{Z}}^ +}$ or ${{\rm{Z}}^ -}$ side of the crystal show a significant difference in temperature behavior. Experimental data, enlightened by numerical simulations, help to show why ${{\rm{Z}}^ -}$ waveguides are more immune to temperature changes than ${{\rm{Z}}^ +}$ ones.
© 2020 Optical Society of America
Full Article | PDF ArticleMore Like This
Ying Li, Tian Lan, Jing Li, and Zhiyong Wang
Appl. Opt. 59(22) 6694-6701 (2020)
M. Ahmad, K. Chelapathi, and Y. G. K. Patro
Appl. Opt. 35(9) 1489-1491 (1996)
Yang Li, Zuoxin Yang, Huajiang Chen, Runhao Liu, Jiahao Peng, Fangheng Fu, Tiefeng Yang, Heyuan Guan, Xu Yang, Hongwei Di, and Huihui Lu
Appl. Opt. 62(32) 8661-8669 (2023)