Slow light in ultracompact photonic crystal decoder

Tina Daghooghi; Mohammad Soroosh; Karim Ansari-Asl

doi:10.1364/AO.58.002050

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 8,
pp. 2050-2057
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.002050

Slow light in ultracompact photonic crystal decoder

Tina Daghooghi, Mohammad Soroosh, and Karim Ansari-Asl

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Tina Daghooghi, Mohammad Soroosh, and Karim Ansari-Asl, "Slow light in ultracompact photonic crystal decoder," Appl. Opt. 58, 2050-2057 (2019)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 8, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: February 6, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: February 11, 2019
- Published: March 8, 2019

Abstract

In this study, merging two photonic crystal-based structures, a new design for an all-optical 2-to-4 decoder has been proposed. The switching operation is based on the Kerr effect and refractive index modification. The structure consists of one nonlinear ring resonator and three nonlinear cavities that have been modified for entering the slow-light regime in order to enhance coupling through waveguides. The maximum group index of 94 has been obtained for the proposed slow-light waveguides. With this approach, the maximum and minimum normalized output powers for logic 0 and 1 are 4% and 82%, respectively. The data transfer rate of the decoder is 220 GHz, and the size of the structure is $24 \times 9.5 {μm}^{2}$ . The maximum insertion loss and cross talk are $- 7.45 dB$ and $- 16.38 dB$ , respectively. Considering the above characteristics, the proposed decoder can be qualified as a part of optical integrated circuits.

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Regime	Waveguide	$n_{g}$	GVD ( $s^{2} / m$ )	GBP
Slow light	$W_{1}$	93	$1.6 \times 10^{5}$	0.0186
	$W_{2}$	94	$7.5 \times 10^{4}$	0.0188
	$W_{3}$	93.9	$6 \times 10^{4}$	0.0188
Conventional	$W_{1}$	9	1650	0.018
	$W_{2}$	9	1860	0.018
	$W_{3}$	9	1900	0.018

Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
Lattice constant	A	630	nm
Linear refractive index of fundamental rods	$n_{1}$	3.46	–
Linear refractive index of ring resonator	$n_{r}$	1.5	–
Linear refractive index of cavity	$n_{c}$	1.5	–
Background refractive index	$n_{b}$	1	–
Nonlinear refractive index of fundamental rods	$n_{2}$	$1 \times 10^{- 20}$	$m^{2} / W$
Nonlinear refractive index of ring resonator	$n_{2 r}$	$1 \times 10^{- 16}$	$m^{2} / W$
Nonlinear refractive index of cavity	$n_{2 c}$	$1 \times 10^{- 16}$	$m^{2} / W$
Radius of fundamental rods	$R$	120	nm
Radius of rods of waveguide $W_{1}$	$r_{1}$	80	nm
Radius of rods of waveguide $W_{2}$	$r_{2}$	60	nm
Radius of rods of waveguide $W_{3}$	$r_{3}$	53	nm

Input State	$t_{r}$ (ps)	$t_{ss}$ (ps)	BR (THz)	$R_{o / f}$	CT (dB)	IL (dB)
00	0.67	1.2	0.83	820	−29.13	−7.45
01	3	4.5	0.22	43.5	−16.38	−8.86
10	1.9	2.5	0.40	24.25	−13.71	−12.22
11	0.5	1	1	247.5	−23.93	−20

Work	$t_{ss}$ (ps)	BR (THz)	IL (dB)	Size ( ${μm}^{2}$ )	Power Level Margins (%)
[17]	6.2	0.16	-	$40 \times 38$	-
[19]	-	-	−2.2	-	18–40
[20]	6.14	0.16	−2.76	$32 \times 16$	10–37
[21]	2	0.50	−2.92	$19.5 \times 19.5$	14–49
This work	4.5	0.22	−7.45	$24 \times 9.5$	4–82

Regime	Waveguide	$n_{g}$	GVD ( $s^{2} / m$ )	GBP
Slow light	$W_{1}$	93	$1.6 \times 10^{5}$	0.0186
	$W_{2}$	94	$7.5 \times 10^{4}$	0.0188
	$W_{3}$	93.9	$6 \times 10^{4}$	0.0188
Conventional	$W_{1}$	9	1650	0.018
	$W_{2}$	9	1860	0.018
	$W_{3}$	9	1900	0.018

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Applied Optics