Niels P. A. Zagers,
Jan van de Kraats,
Tos T. J. M. Berendschot,
and Dirk van Norren
The authors are with the Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, NL-3508 GA, Utrecht AZU E03.136, The Netherlands.
D. van Norren is also with TNO Human Factors, P.O. Box 23, 3769 ZG, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.
Niels P. A. Zagers, Jan van de Kraats, Tos T. J. M. Berendschot, and Dirk van Norren, "Simultaneous measurement of foveal spectral reflectance and cone-photoreceptor directionality," Appl. Opt. 41, 4686-4696 (2002)
An instrument for simultaneous measurement of foveal spectral reflectance and cone-photoreceptor directionality is described. The key element is an imaging spectrograph (spectral range of 420–790 nm) with its entrance slit conjugate to the pupil plane of a human eye. A 1.9-deg spot on the retina is sampled in 1 s. Video observation of the retina and the pupil facilitates proper alignment. Measurements were performed on 21 healthy subjects. Model analysis of the spectra provided densities of photostable ocular absorbers. As an example, macular pigment and melanin are discussed in more detail. Spatial profiles exhibited the optical Stiles-Crawford effect, reflecting cone-photoreceptor directionality.
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λ, wavelength.
R, mean reflectance.
SD, relative between-subject standard deviation, i.e., the standard deviation of the subject means divided by the mean.
RE, relative error.
PM, parameter mean.
σN, between-subject standard deviation. PMIN, PMAX, lowest and highest within-subject mean.
CI, mean of confidence interval estimations.
CRT, CRS, CRM, coefficients of repeatability for the total, within the series, or between the series standard deviation.
N, T, nasal and temporal.
λ, wavelength.
R, mean reflectance.
SD, relative between-subject standard deviation, i.e., the standard deviation of the subject means divided by the mean.
RE, relative error.
PM, parameter mean.
σN, between-subject standard deviation. PMIN, PMAX, lowest and highest within-subject mean.
CI, mean of confidence interval estimations.
CRT, CRS, CRM, coefficients of repeatability for the total, within the series, or between the series standard deviation.
N, T, nasal and temporal.