Abstract
Since the first practical laser traps demonstrated by Ashkin [1], optical traps and optical tweezers have been applied to manipulate a wide variety of particles, including atoms, molecules, nano particles, living biological cells and organelles within cells [2]. Applications of controllable light force on nanometer scale particles represent a major success of modern optics. Most optical traps and optical tweezers use a focused fundamental Gaussian beam, which is only suitable to trap particles with refractive index higher than the ambient. To trap particles with index lower than the ambient, donut shape laser mode needs to be generated and used in the optical tweezers [3, 4].
© 2003 Optical Society of America
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