Abstract

We have investigated the light emission mechanisms of V-shaped, hexagonal-micropit-arranged, InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (HMA-LEDs). By near-field scanning optical microscopy and the confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy, we found that enhanced light output of HMA-LED was significantly contributed by not only improved light-extraction efficiency but also locally improved crystalline quality near the micropit. Etch pit density and cross-sectional transmission electron microscope image indicate that threading dislocation (TD) bending lead to decrease the TD density near the micropit. Furthermore, partially linearly polarized light from the inclined facets of the HMA-LEDs was observed.

© 2015 Optical Society of America

1. Introduction

GaN-based lighting technology is currently driving a lifestyle revolution in modern society because of the strong demands for energy savings and simple packaging requirements [1,2]. In particular, InGaN/GaN quantum wells have high internal quantum efficiency, even though GaN crystals contain high dislocation densities(~109 cm−2) induced by the large lattice mismatch between GaN and sapphire. However, the light output power of GaN-based LEDs is limited by several factors [3,4]. One of the main factors that suppress the light output power is the low light-extraction efficiency, which is caused by photons being trapped inside the chip because of total internal reflection at the LED surface. This photon trapping arises from the large difference between the refractive indices of GaN (n = 2.5) and air (n = 1) [5–7]. According to Snell’s law, the critical angle(θcrit = sin−1(nAir/nGaN)) for these structures is approximately 23.6°. To surmount this small critical angle, arrangements of V-shaped micropits, which require the use of a regrowth method, can be applied to the top of the LED [8–11]. Consequently, the light output of an LED with V-shaped micropits is increased compared to that of a conventional LED. It is believed that this enhanced light output is predominantly caused by the improved light-extraction efficiency resulting from the enlarged photon escape cone of the LED surface [12,13]. However, the V-shaped micropits formed during the growth process can also affect the internal quantum efficiency which is significantly influenced by threading dislocation (TD) density [14–16]. Therefore, precise interpretation of the light emission mechanisms with decisive evidence is essential for further advances of high brightness LEDs. For precise interpretation, investigation of light emission mechanism of LED with micropit in terms of not only epilayer LED structure but also fully fabricated LED chip is necessary. In particular, spatially resolved optical characterization methods, such as confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy (CSEM) or near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), are appropriate for clarifying the optical characteristics of microstructures [17–23].

In this study, we report not only a reliable physical mechanism for the enhancement of the light output but also the phenomenon of quasi-polarized light emission from LEDs with V-shaped micropits by using those methods including the CSEM, the NSOM, the PL/Raman/EL spectroscopy.

2. Experimental

For the NSOM measurements, the sample was excited with a He-Cd laser (325 nm) and an Al-coated fused silica fiber (optical aperture = 100 nm) was used as the probe. Shear-force feedback was used to maintain the gap between the tip and sample, which allowed the sample topography to be recorded [24]. Light emitted from the sample was collected using an objective lens beneath the sample (illumination mode). The collected light was detected by a CCD detector and passed through a monochromator to obtain spectroscopic information. Raman scattering measurements were performed using a micro-Raman system with a He-Ne laser (633 nm). The etched pits on the sample’s surface were examined with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV (S4300SE, Hitachi). To observe the threading dislocation (TD) bending phenomenon, TEM was used (JEOL 3010, operated at 200 kV). For the CSEM measurements, a static current of 0.2 mA was applied to the sample with a Keithley 2400s SourceMeter during scanning. A high numerical aperture (N.A. = 0.9) objective was used as a light collector for CSEM [25–27]. The microscale pattern of the sample was formed with a conventional SiO2 patterning process: the 100-nm-thick SiO2 hexagonal-shaped structures, with a diameter of 3 μm and a 6 μm gap between the structures, were deposited on a sapphire substrate using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). After the micro-patterning process, the GaN-based LED structure was grown via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The LED structure consisted of an Si-doped, n-type, GaN layer as the electron transport layer, five pairs of InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) as the active layer for light emission at 490 nm, and a Mg-doped, p-type, GaN layer as the hole transport layer. Trimethylgallium, trimethylindium, and ammonia were used as the precursors for Ga, In, and N, respectively. H2 was used as the carrier gas, except for the InGaN MQWs and GaN barrier layers, for which N2 was used. Note that GaN crystal was not directly grown on SiO2 pattern due to different crystal structure and lattice constant. A conventional LED fabrication process was then used on the epitaxially grown GaN layers. Finally, we obtained a hexagonal micropit arranged LED (HMA-LED), as illustrated in Fig. 1(b). Figure 1(c) depicts a plane-view SEM image of the fabricated HMA-LED. As can be seen, more than 200 micropits were periodically arranged on a single LED chip over an area of 315 × 315 μm. The inset presents an image of the HMA-LED under a forward bias of 0.1 mA. As described in section 1, the micropits increase the critical angle for the escape of photons from the LED, and therefore, the intensity observed from the micropits is much stronger than that from the flat surface.

 

Fig. 1 Schematics of the (a) fabricated SiO2/sapphire template and (b) final structure of the HMA-LED. Over 200 micropits were created on the LED surface. (c) Plane-view SEM image of the HMA-LED. The inset shows the HMA-LED under a forward bias of 0.1 mA. The emission intensity near the micropits was higher than that in the flat regions.

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3. Results and discussion

In previous studies, the improved external quantum efficiency of HMA-LEDs has been explained in terms of the improved light-extraction efficiency, which is achieved through the increased range of photon escape angles resulting from the micropits [25,28]. To determine the emission mechanisms of HMA-LEDs accurately with respect to crystalline quality, NSOM was employed in this study. NSOM is an effective tool for estimating the optical properties related to topographical characteristics because it allows both spatio-spectrally resolved PL and topographical information to be obtained simultaneously. The NSOM images were measured under atmospheric conditions at room temperature using optical fiber nanoprobe with 100nm aperture size. In our experiment, spatial resolution is somewhat larger than the aperture size owing to the photoexcited carrier diffusion which is usually occurred in illumination mode.Figures 2(a) and 2(b) present the surface topography and panchromatic PL mapping images of the HMA-LED epitaxial structure, respectively. The scanning area was 10 × 10 μm. The hexagonal micropit has six inclined facets, each of which is a semi-polar plane with respect to the c-plane GaN surface shown in Fig. 2(a). The depth of the investigated hexagonal micropit was approximately 6 μm. As shown in Fig. 2(b), there is intense PL emission near the micropit, whereas there is very weak PL emission inside and far from the micropit. The PL intensity of the inclined facets is higher than that at the center of the micropit because weak emission occurs from MQWs on the inclined facets, whereas PL spectrum for MQWs was not detected at the center of the micropit because of the SiO2 mask.

 

Fig. 2 (a) Topographic image acquired near a micropit on the HMA-LED surface. (b) NSOM-PL image of the same region shown in (a). (c) Photoluminescence (PL) intensity (red dotted line) and topographic profiles (black solid line) along the white dotted lines in (a) and (b). (d) Local PL spectra measured at three different points: a flat region far from the micropit (A), near the micropit (B), and an inclined facet of the micropit (C).

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In particular, the PL intensity of the region far from the micropit was lower than that of the region near the micropit. This could be explained by higher crystalline quality near the micropit than that far from the micropit; this higher crystalline quality can be interpreted as a lower dislocation density [29]. Figure 2(c) shows the PL intensity and topographic profiles measured along the white dotted lines in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b). These line profiles directly demonstrate the relationship between the topography and distribution of PL intensity. The PL intensity near the micropit is clearly higher than that of other regions. The strong PL intensity near the micropit dramatically decreases with increasing distance from the micropit. This is attributed to less threading dislocation (TD) density nearby micropit by bending of TDs toward micropit during lateral crystal growth as previously reported [14,30,31]. For the spectroscopic analysis, PL spectra were measured at three different positions, denoted by the letters A–C in Fig. 2(b). These positions were selected as representatives of the three different regions: A is a flat region far from the micropit, B is a flat region near the micropit, and C is an inclined facet of the micropit. The corresponding PL spectra of these positions are displayed in Fig. 2(d). Both the PL spectra measured at points A and B have a strong main peak at 486 nm and a weak peak at 360 nm.The peaks at 486 nm and 360 nm are associated with the InGaN/GaN MQWs grown on the flat c-plane surface and the near-band-edge (NBE) transition in GaN, respectively [32,33]. However, the PL intensity of the 486 nm peak is stronger at point B than that at point A. This implies that fewer nonradiative recombination centers exist near the micropit, where the number of nonradiative recombination centers is strongly related to the crystalline quality [34–36]. At point C, a relatively strong NBE peak at 360 nm and weak peak at 420 nm are present, compared to those at points A and B. The peak at around 420 nm originates from MQWs grown on the inclined facets. Because the thickness of the MQWs on the inclined facets is thinner than that of the MQWs on the flat c-plane surface, the wavelength of the emitted light is shorter for the MQWs on the inclined facets. Additionally, the low PL intensity revealed at inclined facets could be affected by non-efficient excitation of the inclined facets via NSOM probe.

As revealed in the NSOM-PL results, there is an inhomogeneous distribution of nonradiative recombination centers which are closely related to the crystalline quality [37,38]. Micro-Raman measurements were carried out to analyze the crystalline quality near to and far from the micropit. Figure 3 presents the micro-Raman spectra of the HMA-LED measured with a backscattering geometry at room temperature. The inset is a plane-view SEM image of the positions measured on the surface. For both positions, the E2 (high) phonon modes were observed at 569.2 cm–1. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the E2 (high) phonon mode provides an indication of the crystalline quality at the measured position. The FWHMs of the E2 (high) peaks measured at points A and B are 3.32 cm–1 and 3.05 cm–1, respectively. The lower FWHM value of the spectrum taken at point B implies an improved crystalline quality compared to position A, possibly because of a reduced TD density. This is a significant evidence of the locally improved crystalline quality of the HMA-LED.

 

Fig. 3 Micro-Raman spectra measured at points A and B. The inset is a plane-view SEM image of the HMA-LED.

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To achieve a more reliable verification of the practical EL behavior near the micropit, HMA-LED was fabricated as explained in experimental method section. CSEM measurements, with a high spatial resolution of ~200 nm, were conducted for spatially resolved EL spectroscopy of fully fabricated HMA-LED [25]. Figure 4(a) presents a two-dimensional EL mapping image of a micropit, which was acquired using CSEM with a scan size of 10 × 10 μm along the x and y axes.The scan shows a bright ring consisting of six yellow kernels near the micropit, with the EL intensity near the micropit relatively brighter than that in the c-plane flat region. Note that the reason for different light emission distribution of NSOM-PL and CSEM images is attributed to carrier density which was induced by different excitation area. For the spectroscopic analysis, EL spectra were measured at three different points: a flat surface far from the micropit (A), near the micropit (B), and an inclined facet (C), as indicated in Fig. 4(a). Figure 4(b) shows the EL spectra measured at these points. Each peak of the EL spectra has been experimentally identified, with the peaks at 470 nm and 420 nm originating from MQWs on the flat surface and inclined facets, respectively [25]. In the EL spectrum acquired at point A, only the peak at 470 nm is evident, and it exhibits a weaker intensity compared to the same peak in the other EL spectra.

 

Fig. 4 (a) A two-dimensional, x-y scanned, CSEM image of the HMA-LED. The labeled white arrows indicate the following representative regions: a flat surface far from the micropit (A), near the micropit (B), and an inclined facet (C). (b) Local electroluminescence (EL) spectra measured at points A, B, and C. (c) A cross-sectional, x-z scanned, CSEM image of the HMA-LED. (d) The integrated EL intensitiesas a function of the injection current.

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The relatively weak intensity is attributed to the small photon escape angle of the conventional c-plane surface [39,40]. In the EL spectrum acquired at point B, the main peak at 470 nm has a shoulder peak at ~420 nm. The EL spectrum measured at point C has a doublet at 420 nm and 470 nm. It should be noted that the EL intensity of the peak at 470 nm in the point B spectrum is stronger than that in the point C spectrum, although the EL intensity of the peak at 420 nm is much stronger in the point C spectrum. This indicates that the enhanced light output is the result of not only the increased light-extraction efficiency, but also the improved crystalline quality near the micropit. Moreover, it is brighter than that in the c-plane flat regions, shown in the point A of Fig. 4(a). This phenomenon is also evident in the cross-sectional CSEM image shown in Fig. 4(c); this image was obtained by scanning the x and z axes. The V-shaped bright region is consistent with the inclined facets inside the micropit. The higher EL intensity near the micropit is also apparent in this image. The EL intensity of the inclined facet region is the strongest of the scanned regions shown in Figs. 4(a) and 4(c) because the inclined facets of the micropit act as a path for photons to escape from the LED and additional photons are generated by the MQWs. In order to confirm the significance of the locally improved crystalline quality in the practical LED, we also performed injection-current-dependent EL measurements.

Figure 4(d) presents the integrated EL intensities over the full wavelength range and at 470 nm and 420 nm as a function of the injection current. The behavior of the intensity at 470 nm is relatively similar to that of the full wavelength intensity as the injection current increases. The saturation of the integrated EL intensity shown in Fig. 4(d) can be explained by the efficiency being reduced because of electron overflow and Auger recombination [41,42]. Since occupied area of MQWs on c-plane region is larger than that of MQWs on inclined facet, higher EL intensity of the MQWs on c-plane region could be expected over the whole injection current range. However, we observed unpredictable phenomena that the integrated EL intensity at 420 nm decreases as the injection current increases. This implies that total light output power of the HMA-LED was much more influenced by MQWs on c-plane than our expectation which is almost proportional to occupied area. Because locally improved crystalline quality affects EL intensity of 470 nm peak, we can expect that locally improved crystalline quality considerably contributes to the total light output power of HMA-LED in high injection current range.

Typically, crystal defects in GaN, such as dislocations, are well known to act as nonradiative recombination centers [43,44]. Therefore, the enhanced PL intensity near the micropit could be induced by fewer crystal defects. To verify less dislocation density near the micropit, we employed the etch pit density (EPD) method; the EPD can be used to evaluate dislocations and is widely used on III-V compound semiconductors [45,46]. The etching process was performed in a mixed H2SO4 and H3PO4 solution (with a 3:1 ratio) at 275 °C for 3 min. The EPD of the sample surface was then determined using SEM, as shown in Fig. 5(a). To distinguish the TD distribution easily, the regions far from and near to the micropit are denoted by “I” and “II”, respectively. The white dotted circles indicate the etched pits in the SEM image. In Fig. 5(a), the density of etched pits in region II is lower than that of region I. To obtain further insight into the origin of the light emission and inhomogeneous intensity, the cross-sectional structure of the sample was examined with TEM. Figure 5(b) presents a cross-sectional TEM image of the HMA-LED structure. The thin TEM specimen was prepared with standard mechanical polishing and ion-milling techniques to achieve electron transparency [47]. Figure 5(b) clearly demonstrates that extended TDs (indicated by the white arrows) have propagated towards the inclined facet region, with the TDs originating from the GaN/sapphire interface. From the TEM image, we confirmed that the low dislocation density around the micropit structure is attributed to TD bending. Thus, the crystalline quality was improved near the micropit compared to the quality relatively far from the micropit. Consequently, PL intensity near the micropit shows higher than that far from micropit.

 

Fig. 5 (a) A SEM image of the EPD on a c-plane flat surface for the evaluation of the TD density. Regions I and II are areas far from and near to the micropit, respectively. (b) A cross-sectional TEM image acquired near the micropit. The white arrows are pointing at bent TDs under the inclined facet.

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To further investigate the emission mechanism of HMA-LED, we performed polarization-angle-dependent confocal EL mapping using CSEM, because HMA-LED have multiple different crystal planes. Figure 6(a) shows a panchromatic CSEM image of a single micropit acquired without a polarizer. Six symmetrical bright ellipses, which represent the light emitted from the inclined facets, can be seen in the image. Figures 6(b)-6(d) present CSEM images obtained using a polarizer at angles of 0, 60, and 120, respectively. As shown in these images, the pair of bright ellipses move in a clockwise direction as the polarizer rotates in the same direction. However, the light emission near the micropit is not affected by the angle of the polarizer, which indicates that the partially linearly polarized light is emitted from the inclined facets of the HMA-LED. Although, it has been theoretically and experimentally studied that the crystal plane affects the polarization ratio of light emitted from InGaN/GaN MQWs, direct visualization is still not reported [48–50]. These polarization-angle-dependent CSEM results are important as they provide direct evidence of the emission of partially linearly polarized light from semi-polar planes in HMA-LED.

 

Fig. 6 Polarization-angle-dependent CSEM images of a single micropit. (a) A CSEM image acquired without a polarizer.(b-d) CSEM images acquired with a polarizer at (b) 0, (c) 60, and (d) 120 degree. Quasi-polarization-dependent emission is clearly exhibited by the micropit.

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4. Conclusions

We have investigated the mechanisms of enhanced light emission in GaN-based light-emitting diodes by V-shaped micropits. Through spatially resolved optical characterization, we observed the distribution of radiative recombination centers near a micropit in a HMA-LED. From NSOM, micro Raman and CSEM results, we observed that enhancement of the light output in the HMA-LED was significantly contributed by not only increased light-extraction efficiency but also improved crystalline quality near the micropit. Furthermore, quasi-polarized light emitted from inclined facets on the HMA-LED surface was observed in polarization-angle-dependent CSEM images. We believe that our results will be beneficial in understanding the emission mechanisms of microstructure appended LED structures for energy conservation and high power applications.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by IBS-R011-D1.

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36. M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008). [CrossRef]  

37. T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

38. J. Abell and T. D. Moustakas, “The role of dislocations as nonradiative recombination centers in InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(9), 091901 (2008). [CrossRef]  

39. Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009). [CrossRef]   [PubMed]  

40. J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008). [CrossRef]  

41. M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007). [CrossRef]  

42. Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010). [CrossRef]  

43. Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

44. Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999). [CrossRef]  

45. I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008). [CrossRef]  

46. P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011). [CrossRef]  

47. H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012). [CrossRef]   [PubMed]  

48. S.-H. Park and D. Ahn, “High optical polarization ratio of semipolar (202¯1¯)-oriented InGaN/GaN quantum wells and comparison with experiment,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093106 (2012). [CrossRef]  

49. Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011). [CrossRef]  

50. S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014). [CrossRef]  

References

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  6. P. Zhao and H. P. Zhao, “Analysis of light extraction efficiency enhancement for thin-film-flip-chip InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with GaN micro-domes,” Opt. Express 20(S5), A765–A776 (2012).
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  7. C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
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  9. H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
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  10. S. H. Kim, H. H. Park, Y. H. Song, H. J. Park, J. B. Kim, S. R. Jeon, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. M. Yang, “An improvement of light extraction efficiency for GaN-based light emitting diodes by selective etched nanorods in periodic microholes,” Opt. Express 21(6), 7125–7130 (2013).
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  11. Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. J. W. Pan and C. S. Wang, “Light extraction efficiency of GaN-based LED with pyramid texture by using ray path analysis,” Opt. Express 20(S5), A630–A640 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  14. M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
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  15. M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
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  16. A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
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  17. A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
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  18. A. Kaneta, M. Funato, and Y. Kawakami, “Nanoscopic recombination processes in InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting violet, blue, and green spectra,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125317 (2008).
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  19. J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).
  20. A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
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  21. S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
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  22. A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
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    [Crossref]
  24. M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
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  25. H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
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  26. K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  27. T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
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  29. Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
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  30. C. Y. Huang, H. M. Ku, C. Z. Liao, and S. Chao, “MQWs InGaN/GaN LED with embedded micro-mirror array in the epitaxial-lateral-overgrowth gallium nitride for light extraction enhancement,” Opt. Express 18(10), 10674–10684 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
    [Crossref]
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  33. U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
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  35. A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, M. Usman, and A. Hallén, “Time-resolved luminescence studies of proton-implanted GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(11), 112108 (2009).
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  36. M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  37. T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).
  38. J. Abell and T. D. Moustakas, “The role of dislocations as nonradiative recombination centers in InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(9), 091901 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  39. Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  41. M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  42. Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
    [Crossref]
  43. Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).
  44. Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
    [Crossref]
  45. I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
    [Crossref]
  46. P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  47. H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  48. S.-H. Park and D. Ahn, “High optical polarization ratio of semipolar (202¯1¯)-oriented InGaN/GaN quantum wells and comparison with experiment,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093106 (2012).
    [Crossref]
  49. Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
    [Crossref]
  50. S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
    [Crossref]

2015 (1)

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (4)

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
[Crossref]

2013 (2)

S. H. Kim, H. H. Park, Y. H. Song, H. J. Park, J. B. Kim, S. R. Jeon, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. M. Yang, “An improvement of light extraction efficiency for GaN-based light emitting diodes by selective etched nanorods in periodic microholes,” Opt. Express 21(6), 7125–7130 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (7)

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. W. Pan and C. S. Wang, “Light extraction efficiency of GaN-based LED with pyramid texture by using ray path analysis,” Opt. Express 20(S5), A630–A640 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Zhao and H. P. Zhao, “Analysis of light extraction efficiency enhancement for thin-film-flip-chip InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with GaN micro-domes,” Opt. Express 20(S5), A765–A776 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S.-H. Park and D. Ahn, “High optical polarization ratio of semipolar (202¯1¯)-oriented InGaN/GaN quantum wells and comparison with experiment,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093106 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (6)

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
[Crossref]

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (3)

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
[Crossref]

C. Y. Huang, H. M. Ku, C. Z. Liao, and S. Chao, “MQWs InGaN/GaN LED with embedded micro-mirror array in the epitaxial-lateral-overgrowth gallium nitride for light extraction enhancement,” Opt. Express 18(10), 10674–10684 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

2009 (4)

Y. K. Ee, P. Kumnorkaew, R. A. Arif, H. Tong, J. F. Gilchrist, and N. Tansu, “Light extraction efficiency enhancement of InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes with polydimethylsiloxane concave microstructures,” Opt. Express 17(16), 13747–13757 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, M. Usman, and A. Hallén, “Time-resolved luminescence studies of proton-implanted GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(11), 112108 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (5)

M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Kaneta, M. Funato, and Y. Kawakami, “Nanoscopic recombination processes in InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting violet, blue, and green spectra,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125317 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Abell and T. D. Moustakas, “The role of dislocations as nonradiative recombination centers in InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(9), 091901 (2008).
[Crossref]

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

2007 (2)

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
[Crossref]

2005 (1)

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2003 (1)

J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).

2002 (1)

S. Y. Karpov and Y. N. Makarov, “Dislocation effect on light emission efficiency in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(25), 4721–4723 (2002).
[Crossref]

2001 (3)

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

2000 (2)

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1999 (2)

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
[Crossref]

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
[Crossref]

1998 (3)

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
[Crossref]

S. Nakamura, “The roles of structural imperfections in InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes,” Science 281(5379), 956–961 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1996 (1)

F. A. Ponce, D. P. Bour, W. Gotz, and P. J. Wright, “Spatial distribution of the luminescence in GaN thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(1), 57–59 (1996).
[Crossref]

1995 (1)

H. Morkoç and S. N. Mohammad, “High-luminosity blue and blue-green gallium nitride light-emitting diodes,” Science 267(5194), 51–55 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Abare, A. C.

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

Abell, J.

J. Abell and T. D. Moustakas, “The role of dislocations as nonradiative recombination centers in InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(9), 091901 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ade, G.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ahn, D.

S.-H. Park and D. Ahn, “High optical polarization ratio of semipolar (202¯1¯)-oriented InGaN/GaN quantum wells and comparison with experiment,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Albrecht, M.

M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
[Crossref]

Arena, C.

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

Arif, R. A.

Banas, M. A.

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Becerra, D. L.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

Bedair, S. M.

P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Bertram, F.

J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).

Bertram, R.

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

Bilenko, Y.

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
[Crossref]

Bour, D. P.

F. A. Ponce, D. P. Bour, W. Gotz, and P. J. Wright, “Spatial distribution of the luminescence in GaN thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(1), 57–59 (1996).
[Crossref]

Brandt, O.

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Bulman, G.

A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Cha, O. H.

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Chao, S.

Chen, C. Y.

Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y. L.

C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Cheong, M. G.

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

Chhajed, S.

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Cho, J.

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Choi, S. B.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choi, Y. S.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Christen, J.

J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).

Chung, K.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chung, R. B.

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Coldren, L. A.

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

Crawford, M. H.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Cuong, T. V.

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

Dai, Q.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

Datta, R.

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

DenBaars, S. P.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

Detchprohm, T.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Doverspike, K.

A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Edmond, J.

A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Ee, Y. K.

El-Masry, N. A.

P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Enya, Y.

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Feezell, D.

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fini, P.

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

Fischer, A. J.

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Fischer, P.

J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).

Frajtag, P.

P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Fuhrmann, D.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fujita, S.

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
[Crossref]

Fujito, K.

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Huang, C.-Y.

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Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
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Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
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D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
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Huang, S. Y.

D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
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K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
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S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
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Jeon, S. R.

Jeong, H.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
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S. H. Kim, H. H. Park, Y. H. Song, H. J. Park, J. B. Kim, S. R. Jeon, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. M. Yang, “An improvement of light extraction efficiency for GaN-based light emitting diodes by selective etched nanorods in periodic microholes,” Opt. Express 21(6), 7125–7130 (2013).
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H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
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T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
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Jeong, M. S.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. H. Kim, H. H. Park, Y. H. Song, H. J. Park, J. B. Kim, S. R. Jeon, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. M. Yang, “An improvement of light extraction efficiency for GaN-based light emitting diodes by selective etched nanorods in periodic microholes,” Opt. Express 21(6), 7125–7130 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

Jung, G. Y.

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
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A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Kaneta, M. Funato, and Y. Kawakami, “Nanoscopic recombination processes in InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting violet, blue, and green spectra,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125317 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Kang, C. S.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
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Kawakami, Y.

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

A. Kaneta, M. Funato, and Y. Kawakami, “Nanoscopic recombination processes in InGaN/GaN quantum wells emitting violet, blue, and green spectra,” Phys. Rev. B 78(12), 125317 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
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Kelchner, K. M.

S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
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Kim, B. J.

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, C. S.

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

Kim, H.

Kim, H. G.

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, H. K.

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, H. Y.

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. B.

Kim, J. K.

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, J. S.

Kim, J. U.

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, J. Y.

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

Kim, K. S.

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kim, M.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Kim, M. H.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

Kim, S. H.

Kim, S. M.

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
[Crossref]

Kim, Y. C.

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kim, Y. H.

Kim, Y. S.

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kim, Y. W.

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

Kim, Y.-W.

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

Ko, Y. H.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Koleske, D. D.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Ku, H. M.

Kumnorkaew, P.

Kunzer, M.

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
[Crossref]

Kurai, S.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Kyono, T.

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Lee, D. S.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, H. J.

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

Lee, H. S.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lee, J. H.

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
[Crossref]

Lee, J. L.

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lee, K. J.

Lee, S. R.

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
[Crossref]

Lee, W.

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Lee, W. C.

C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Lee, Y. S.

T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Li, Y. F.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Liao, C. Z.

Lien, D. H.

Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, C. F.

C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
[Crossref]

D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
[Crossref]

Lin, G. J.

Y. H. Hsiao, C. Y. Chen, L. C. Huang, G. J. Lin, D. H. Lien, J. J. Huang, and J. H. He, “Light extraction enhancement with radiation pattern shaping of LEDs by waveguiding nanorods with impedance-matching tips,” Nanoscale 6(5), 2624–2628 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Lin, S. H.

D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
[Crossref]

Lindow, E.

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

Lucznik, B.

M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
[Crossref]

Mahajan, S.

I. Han, R. Datta, S. Mahajan, R. Bertram, E. Lindow, C. Werkhoven, and C. Arena, “Characterization of threading dislocations in GaN using low-temperature aqueous KOH etching and atomic force microscopy,” Scr. Mater. 59(11), 1171–1173 (2008).
[Crossref]

Maier, M.

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
[Crossref]

Makarov, Y. N.

S. Y. Karpov and Y. N. Makarov, “Dislocation effect on light emission efficiency in gallium nitride,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 81(25), 4721–4723 (2002).
[Crossref]

Manz, C.

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
[Crossref]

Marcinkevicius, S.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
[Crossref]

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, M. Usman, and A. Hallén, “Time-resolved luminescence studies of proton-implanted GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(11), 112108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Menniger, J.

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
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Mohammad, S. N.

H. Morkoç and S. N. Mohammad, “High-luminosity blue and blue-green gallium nitride light-emitting diodes,” Science 267(5194), 51–55 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Morkoç, H.

H. Morkoç and S. N. Mohammad, “High-luminosity blue and blue-green gallium nitride light-emitting diodes,” Science 267(5194), 51–55 (1995).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Moustakas, T. D.

J. Abell and T. D. Moustakas, “The role of dislocations as nonradiative recombination centers in InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(9), 091901 (2008).
[Crossref]

Mukai, T.

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
[Crossref]

Na, M. G.

H. G. Kim, T. V. Cuong, M. G. Na, H. K. Kim, H. Y. Kim, J. H. Ryu, and C. H. Hong, “Fabrication of mesa-shaped InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode with periodic deflectors by selective metal organic chemical vapor deposition,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46(40), L970–L972 (2007).
[Crossref]

Nakamura, S.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
[Crossref]

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
[Crossref]

S. Nakamura, “The roles of structural imperfections in InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes and laser diodes,” Science 281(5379), 956–961 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nakamura, T.

A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
[Crossref]

Naoi, Y.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Narukawa, Y.

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Y. Narukawa, S. Saijou, Y. Kawakami, S. Fujita, T. Mukai, and S. Nakamura, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in ultraviolet light-emitting diode composed of an In0.02Ga0.98N active layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74(4), 558–560 (1999).
[Crossref]

Nepal, N.

P. Frajtag, N. A. El-Masry, N. Nepal, and S. M. Bedair, “Embedded voids approach for low defect density in epitaxial GaN films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(2), 023115 (2011).
[Crossref]

Netzel, C.

A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Nishino, K.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Nurmikko, A. V.

A. Vertikov, A. V. Nurmikko, K. Doverspike, G. Bulman, and J. Edmond, “Role of localized and extended electronic states in InGaN/GaN quantum wells under high injection, inferred from near-field optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73(4), 493–495 (1998).
[Crossref]

Obloh, H.

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
[Crossref]

Oh, J. T.

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
[Crossref]

Oh, K. H.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oh, T. S.

T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Okamoto, K.

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Omae, K.

Y. Kawakami, K. Omae, A. Kaneta, K. Okamoto, T. Izumi, S. Sajou, K. Inoue, Y. Narukawa, T. Mukai, and S. Fujita, “Radiative and nonradiative recombination processes in GaN-based semiconductors,” Phys. Status Solidi A 183, 41–50 (2001).

Pan, C.-C.

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Pan, J. W.

Park, A. H.

Park, D. J.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Park, H. H.

Park, H. J.

Park, S. H.

C. F. Lin, Y. H. Tseng, W. C. Lee, W. J. Hsu, Y. L. Chen, S. H. Park, and J. Han, “Fabrication of InGaN light-emitting diodes with embedded air-gap disks using laser-drilling and electrochemical processes,” Appl. Phys. Express 7(7), 076501 (2014).
[Crossref]

Park, S.-H.

S.-H. Park and D. Ahn, “High optical polarization ratio of semipolar (202¯1¯)-oriented InGaN/GaN quantum wells and comparison with experiment,” J. Appl. Phys. 112(9), 093106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Park, Y.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
[Crossref]

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

Pinos, A.

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, M. Usman, and A. Hallén, “Time-resolved luminescence studies of proton-implanted GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(11), 112108 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
[Crossref]

Piprek, J.

M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
[Crossref]

Ploog, K. H.

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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F. A. Ponce, D. P. Bour, W. Gotz, and P. J. Wright, “Spatial distribution of the luminescence in GaN thin films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 68(1), 57–59 (1996).
[Crossref]

Porowski, S.

M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
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U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
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P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
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P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
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T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

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A. Hangleiter, F. Hitzel, C. Netzel, D. Fuhrmann, U. Rossow, G. Ade, and P. Hinze, “Suppression of nonradiative recombination by V-shaped pits in GaInN/GaN quantum wells produces a large increase in the light emission efficiency,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 95(12), 127402 (2005).
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Ryu, C. J.

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
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Sakai, S.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Santic, B.

U. Kaufmann, M. Kunzer, H. Obloh, M. Maier, C. Manz, A. Ramakrishnan, and B. Santic, “Origin of defect-related photoluminescence bands in doped and nominally undoped GaN,” Phys. Rev. B 59(8), 5561–5567 (1999).
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Sato, H.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Schubert, E. F.

S. Chhajed, W. Lee, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, and J. K. Kim, “Strong light extraction enhancement in GaInN light-emitting diodes by using self-organized nanoscale patterning of p-type GaN,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(7), 071102 (2011).
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M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
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Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
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M. H. Kim, M. F. Schubert, Q. Dai, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, J. Piprek, and Y. Park, “Origin of efficiency droop in GaN-based light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 91(18), 183507 (2007).
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Seo, T. H.

Shan, Q. F.

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Shatalov, M.

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
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Shur, M. S.

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
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Son, J. H.

J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
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S. H. Kim, H. H. Park, Y. H. Song, H. J. Park, J. B. Kim, S. R. Jeon, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. M. Yang, “An improvement of light extraction efficiency for GaN-based light emitting diodes by selective etched nanorods in periodic microholes,” Opt. Express 21(6), 7125–7130 (2013).
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J. H. Son, J. U. Kim, Y. H. Song, B. J. Kim, C. J. Ryu, and J. L. Lee, “Design rule of nanostructures in light-emitting diodes for complete elimination of total internal reflection,” Adv. Mater. 24(17), 2259–2262 (2012).
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Speck, J. S.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
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S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
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S. Marcinkevičius, K. M. Kelchner, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Optical properties of extended and localized states in m-plane InGaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(10), 101102 (2013).
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M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
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Sugahara, T.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Suh, E. K.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
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H. Jeong, Y. H. Kim, T. H. Seo, H. S. Lee, J. S. Kim, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Enhancement of light output power in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using hydrothermally grown ZnO micro-walls,” Opt. Express 20(10), 10597–10604 (2012).
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T. S. Oh, H. Jeong, Y. S. Lee, A. H. Park, T. H. Seo, H. Kim, K. J. Lee, M. S. Jeong, and E. K. Suh, “Light outcoupling effect in GaN light-emitting diodes via convex microstructures monolithically fabricated on sapphire substrate,” Opt. Express 19(10), 9385–9391 (2011).
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H. Jeong, T. S. Oh, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Kim, C. H. Hong, E. K. Suh, O. H. Cha, H. S. Lee, and M. S. Jeong, “Submicro-electroluminescence spectroscopy of dodecagonal micropit-arranged blue light-emitting diodes,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 44(50), 505102 (2011).
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M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
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Suh, E.-K.

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
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Tamura, N.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
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Tanaka, S.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
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Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
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Taniguchi, Y.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
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Thaler, G.

Q. Dai, M. F. Schubert, M. H. Kim, J. K. Kim, E. F. Schubert, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Crawford, S. R. Lee, A. J. Fischer, G. Thaler, and M. A. Banas, “Internal quantum efficiency and nonradiative recombination coefficient of GaInN/GaN multiple quantum wells with different dislocation densities,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(11), 111109 (2009).
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J. Christen, T. Riemann, F. Bertram, D. Rudloff, P. Fischer, A. Kaschner, U. Haboeck, A. Hoffmann, and C. Thomsen, “Optical micro-characterization of group-III-nitrides: correlation of structural, electronic and optical properties,” Phys. Status Solidi C 0, 1795–1815 (2003).

Tong, H.

Tottori, S.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Trampert, A.

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
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Wang, C. S.

Wang, J.

Q. Dai, Q. F. Shan, J. Wang, S. Chhajed, J. Cho, E. F. Schubert, M. H. Crawford, D. D. Koleske, M. H. Kim, and Y. Park, “Carrier recombination mechanisms and efficiency droop in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 97(13), 133507 (2010).
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D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
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[Crossref]

Weyher, J. L.

M. Albrecht, J. L. Weyher, B. Lucznik, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski, “Nonradiative recombination at threading dislocations in n-type GaN: Studied by cathodoluminescence and defect selective etching,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(23), 231909 (2008).
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White, J. O.

M. S. Jeong, J. Y. Kim, Y.-W. Kim, J. O. White, E.-K. Suh, C.-H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatially resolved photoluminescence in InGaN/GaN quantum wells by near-field scanning optical microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(7), 976–978 (2001).
[Crossref]

M. S. Jeong, Y. W. Kim, J. O. White, E. K. Suh, M. G. Cheong, C. S. Kim, C. H. Hong, and H. J. Lee, “Spatial variation of photoluminescence and related defects in InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79(21), 3440–3442 (2001).
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D. S. Wuu, W. K. Wang, K. S. Wen, S. C. Huang, S. H. Lin, S. Y. Huang, C. F. Lin, and R. H. Horng, “Defect reduction and efficiency improvement of near-ultraviolet emitters via laterally overgrown GaN on a GaN/patterned sapphire template,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(16), 161105 (2006).
[Crossref]

Yamashita, K.

T. Sugahara, H. Sato, M. S. Hao, Y. Naoi, S. Kurai, S. Tottori, K. Yamashita, K. Nishino, L. T. Romano, and S. Sakai, “Direct evidence that dislocations are non-radiative recombination centers in GaN,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2 Lett. 37, L398–L400 (1998).

Yan, Q.

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Yang, G. M.

Yang, J.

A. Pinos, S. Marcinkevičius, J. Yang, Y. Bilenko, M. Shatalov, R. Gaska, and M. S. Shur, “Aging of AlGaN quantum well light emitting diode studied by scanning near-field optical spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 95(18), 181914 (2009).
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Yi, G.-C.

H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
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H. Yoo, K. Chung, Y. S. Choi, C. S. Kang, K. H. Oh, M. Kim, and G.-C. Yi, “Microstructures of GaN thin films grown on graphene layers,” Adv. Mater. 24(4), 515–518 (2012).
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Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
[Crossref]

Yu, J. S.

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
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Zhao, H. P.

Zhao, L.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
[Crossref]

M. Hansen, P. Fini, L. Zhao, A. C. Abare, L. A. Coldren, J. S. Speck, and S. P. DenBaars, “Improved characteristics of InGaN multiple-quantum-well laser diodes grown on laterally epitaxially overgrown GaN on sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 76(5), 529–531 (2000).
[Crossref]

Zhao, P.

Zhao, Y.

K. Gelžinytė, R. Ivanov, S. Marcinkevičius, Y. Zhao, D. L. Becerra, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “High spatial uniformity of photoluminescence spectra in semipolar (202¯1) plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells,” J. Appl. Phys. 117(2), 023111 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Marcinkevičius, R. Ivanov, Y. Zhao, S. Nakamura, S. P. DenBaars, and J. S. Speck, “Highly polarized photoluminescence and its dynamics in semipolar (202¯1¯) InGaN/GaN quantum well,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104(11), 111113 (2014).
[Crossref]

Y. Zhao, S. Tanaka, Q. Yan, C.-Y. Huang, R. B. Chung, C.-C. Pan, K. Fujito, D. Feezell, C. G. Van de Walle, J. S. Speck, S. P. DenBaars, and S. Nakamura, “High optical polarization ratio from semipolar (202¯1¯) blue-green InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 99(5), 051109 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zhu, M. W.

Y. F. Li, S. You, M. W. Zhu, L. Zhao, W. T. Hou, T. Detchprohm, Y. Taniguchi, N. Tamura, S. Tanaka, and C. Wetzel, “Defect-reduced green GaInN/GaN light-emitting diode on nanopatterned sapphire,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 98(15), 151102 (2011).
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Adv. Funct. Mater. (1)

K. S. Kim, S. M. Kim, H. Jeong, M. S. Jeong, and G. Y. Jung, “Enhancement of Light Extraction Through the Wave-Guiding Effect of ZnO Sub-microrods in InGaN Blue Light-Emitting Diodes,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20(7), 1076–1082 (2010).
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Adv. Mater. (2)

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Appl. Phys. Express (2)

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A. Kaneta, Y. S. Kim, M. Funato, Y. Kawakami, Y. Enya, T. Kyono, M. Ueno, and T. Nakamura, “Nanoscopic Photoluminescence Properties of a Green-Emitting InGaN Single Quantum Well on a {20(2)over-bar1} GaN Substrate Probed by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy,” Appl. Phys. Express 5(10), 102104 (2012).
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IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

J. H. Lee, J. T. Oh, Y. C. Kim, and J. H. Lee, “Stress Reduction and Enhanced Extraction Efficiency of GaN-Based LED Grown on Cone-Shape-Patterned Sapphire,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 20(18), 1563–1565 (2008).
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Nanoscale (2)

H. Jeong, D. J. Park, H. S. Lee, Y. H. Ko, J. S. Yu, S. B. Choi, D. S. Lee, E. K. Suh, and M. S. Jeong, “Light-extraction enhancement of a GaN-based LED covered with ZnO nanorod arrays,” Nanoscale 6(8), 4371–4378 (2014).
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Nature (1)

P. Waltereit, O. Brandt, A. Trampert, H. T. Grahn, J. Menniger, M. Ramsteiner, M. Reiche, and K. H. Ploog, “Nitride semiconductors free of electrostatic fields for efficient white light-emitting diodes,” Nature 406(6798), 865–868 (2000).
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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 Schematics of the (a) fabricated SiO2/sapphire template and (b) final structure of the HMA-LED. Over 200 micropits were created on the LED surface. (c) Plane-view SEM image of the HMA-LED. The inset shows the HMA-LED under a forward bias of 0.1 mA. The emission intensity near the micropits was higher than that in the flat regions.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 (a) Topographic image acquired near a micropit on the HMA-LED surface. (b) NSOM-PL image of the same region shown in (a). (c) Photoluminescence (PL) intensity (red dotted line) and topographic profiles (black solid line) along the white dotted lines in (a) and (b). (d) Local PL spectra measured at three different points: a flat region far from the micropit (A), near the micropit (B), and an inclined facet of the micropit (C).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 Micro-Raman spectra measured at points A and B. The inset is a plane-view SEM image of the HMA-LED.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 (a) A two-dimensional, x-y scanned, CSEM image of the HMA-LED. The labeled white arrows indicate the following representative regions: a flat surface far from the micropit (A), near the micropit (B), and an inclined facet (C). (b) Local electroluminescence (EL) spectra measured at points A, B, and C. (c) A cross-sectional, x-z scanned, CSEM image of the HMA-LED. (d) The integrated EL intensitiesas a function of the injection current.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 (a) A SEM image of the EPD on a c-plane flat surface for the evaluation of the TD density. Regions I and II are areas far from and near to the micropit, respectively. (b) A cross-sectional TEM image acquired near the micropit. The white arrows are pointing at bent TDs under the inclined facet.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Polarization-angle-dependent CSEM images of a single micropit. (a) A CSEM image acquired without a polarizer.(b-d) CSEM images acquired with a polarizer at (b) 0, (c) 60, and (d) 120 degree. Quasi-polarization-dependent emission is clearly exhibited by the micropit.

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