Abstract

In this study, a cylindrical-water-resonator-based absorber with an ultra-broad operating band at microwave wavelengths is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. By utilizing the dielectric resonator mode, spoof surface plasmon polariton mode, and grating mode of the cylindrical water resonator, the proposed absorber exhibits an absorptivity higher than 90% over almost the entire ultra-broad operating band from 5.58 to 24.21 GHz, with a relative bandwidth as high as 125%. The angular tolerance and thermal stability of the proposed absorber are simulated, and the results indicate that the absorber performs well in a wide range of angles of incidence and exhibits a weak dependence on the water temperature. The low cost, ultra-broad operating band, good wide-angle characteristics, and thermal stability make the absorber promising for applications in antenna measurement, stealth technology, and energy harvesting.

© 2018 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  6. M. Bagmanci, M. Karaaslan, E. Unal, O. Akgol, and C. Sabah, “Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator,” Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(7), 257 (2017)
  7. P. Li, B. Liu, Y. Ni, K. K. Liew, J. Sze, S. Chen, and S. Shen, “Large-scale nanophotonic solar selective absorbers for high-efficiency solar thermal energy conversion,” Adv. Mater. 27(31), 4585–4591 (2015).
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  16. D. Wu, C. Liu, Z. H. Xua, Y. M. Liu, Z. Y. Yu, L. Yu, L. Chen, R. F. Li, R. Ma, and H. Ye, “The design of ultra-broadband selective near-perfect absorber based on photonic structures to achieve near-ideal daytime radiative cooling,” Mater. Des. 139, 104–111 (2018).
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  19. J. Kim, K. Han, and J. W. Hahn, “Selective dual-band metamaterial perfect absorber for infrared stealth technology,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 6740 (2017).
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  20. G. Yao, F. Ling, J. Yue, C. Luo, J. Ji, and J. Yao, “Dual-band tunable perfect metamaterial absorber in the THz range,” Opt. Express 24(2), 1518–1527 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  21. X. Y. Peng, B. Wang, S. Lai, D. H. Zhang, and J. H. Teng, “Ultrathin multi-band planar metamaterial absorber based on standing wave resonances,” Opt. Express 20(25), 27756–27765 (2012).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  22. G. D. Wang, M. H. Liu, X. W. Hu, L. H. Kong, L. L. Cheng, and Z. Q. Chen, “Multi-band microwave metamaterial absorber based on coplanar Jerusalem crosses,” Chinese Phys. B 23, 1 (2014)
  23. L. La Spada and L. Vegni, “Metamaterial-based wideband electromagnetic wave absorber,” Opt. Express 24(6), 5763–5772 (2016).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. S. J. Li, J. Gao, X. Y. Cao, Z. Zhang, T. Liu, Y. J. Zheng, C. Zhang, and G. Zheng, “Hybrid metamaterial device with wideband absorption and multiband transmission based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons and perfect absorber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(18), 181103 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  25. C. Hu, X. Li, Q. Feng, X. Chen, and X. Luo, “Investigation on the role of the dielectric loss in metamaterial absorber,” Opt. Express 18(7), 6598–6603 (2010).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. R. Yahiaoui, H. Němec, P. Kužel, F. Kadlec, C. Kadlec, and P. Mounaix, “Broadband dielectric terahertz metamaterials with negative permeability,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3541–3543 (2009).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. R. Kakimi, M. Fujita, M. Nagai, M. Ashida, and T. Nagatsuma, “Capture of a terahertz wave in a photonic-crystal slab,” Nat. Photonics 8(8), 657–663 (2014).
    [Crossref]
  28. S. Yin, J. Zhu, W. Xu, W. Jiang, J. Yuan, G. Yin, L. Xie, Y. Ying, and Y. Ma, “High-performance terahertz wave absorbers made of silicon-based metamaterials,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(7), 073903 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  29. C. Hua and Z. Shen, “Shunt-excited sea-water monopole antenna of high efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 63(11), 5185–5190 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  30. M. Zou, Z. Shen, and J. Pan, “Frequency-reconfigurable water antenna of circular polarization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(1), 014102 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  31. Y. Li and K.-M. Luk, “A water dense dielectric patch antenna,” IEEE Access 3, 274–280 (2015).
    [Crossref]
  32. J. Sun and K.-M. Luk, “A wideband low cost and optically transparent water patch antenna with omnidirectional conical beam radiation patterns,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 65(9), 4478–4485 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  33. Z. Shen, H. Yang, X. Huang, and Z. Yu, “Design of negative refractive index metamaterial with water droplets using 3D-printing,” J. Opt. 19(11), 115101 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  34. A. Andryieuski, S. M. Kuznetsova, S. V. Zhukovsky, Y. S. Kivshar, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 13535 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  35. I. V. Stenishchev and A. A. Basharin, “Toroidal response in all-dielectric metamaterials based on water,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 9468 (2017).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  36. X. Cai, S. Zhao, M. Hu, J. Xiao, N. Zhang, and J. Yang, “Water based fluidic radio frequency metamaterials,” J. Appl. Phys. 122(18), 184101 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  37. M. Odit, P. Kapitanova, A. Andryieuski, P. Belov, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Experimental demonstration of water based tunable metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(1), 011901 (2016).
    [Crossref]
  38. R. E. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, and S. Arslanagic, “Water-based metasurfaces for effective switching of microwaves,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17(4), 571–574 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  39. Y. J. Yoo, S. Ju, S. Y. Park, Y. Ju Kim, J. Bong, T. Lim, K. W. Kim, J. Y. Rhee, and Y. Lee, “Metamaterial absorber for electromagnetic waves in periodic water droplets,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 14018 (2015).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  40. W. Zhu, I. D. Rukhlenko, F. Xiao, C. He, J. Geng, X. Liang, M. Premaratne, and R. Jin, “Multiband coherent perfect absorption in a water-based metasurface,” Opt. Express 25(14), 15737–15745 (2017).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. H. Xiaojun, Y. Helin, S. Zhaoyang, C. Jiao, L. Hail, and Y. Zetai, “Water-injected all-dielectric ultra-wideband and prominent oblique incidence metamaterial absorber in microwave regime,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 50(38), 385304 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  42. Y. Pang, J. Wang, Q. Cheng, S. Xia, X. Y. Zhou, Z. Xu, T. J. Cui, and S. Qu, “Thermally tunable water-substrate broadband metamaterial absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(10), 104103 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  43. Q. Song, W. Zhang, P. C. Wu, W. Zhu, Z. X. Shen, P. H. J. Chong, Q. X. Liang, Z. C. Yang, Y. L. Hao, and H. Cai, “Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-Unity absorption,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 8 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  44. D. J. Gogoi and N. S. Bhattacharyya, “Embedded dielectric water “atom” array for broadband microwave absorber based on Mie resonance,” J. Appl. Phys. 122(17), 175106 (2017).
    [Crossref]
  45. J. Xie, W. Zhu, I. D. Rukhlenko, F. Xiao, C. He, J. Geng, X. Liang, R. Jin, and M. Premaratne, “Water metamaterial for ultra-broadband and wide-angle absorption,” Opt. Express 26(4), 5052–5059 (2018).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  46. J. Zhao, S. Wei, C. Wang, K. Chen, B. Zhu, T. Jiang, and Y. Feng, “Broadband microwave absorption utilizing water-based metamaterial structures,” Opt. Express 26(7), 8522–8531 (2018).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  47. W. Ellison, “Permittivity of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure, over the frequency range 0–25 THz and the temperature range 0–100 °C,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36(1), 1–18 (2007).
    [Crossref]
  48. Y. Pang, Y. Shen, Y. Li, J. Wang, Z. Xu, and S. Qu, “Water-based metamaterial absorbers for optical transparency and broadband microwave absorption,” J. Appl. Phys. 123(15), 155106 (2018).
    [Crossref]
  49. G. S. Kell, “Thermal expansivity, and compressibility of liquid water from 0° to 150°: Correlations and tables for atmospheric pressure and saturation reviewed and expressed on 1968 temperature scale,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 20(1), 97–105 (1975).
    [Crossref]

2018 (5)

D. Wu, C. Liu, Z. H. Xua, Y. M. Liu, Z. Y. Yu, L. Yu, L. Chen, R. F. Li, R. Ma, and H. Ye, “The design of ultra-broadband selective near-perfect absorber based on photonic structures to achieve near-ideal daytime radiative cooling,” Mater. Des. 139, 104–111 (2018).
[Crossref]

R. E. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, and S. Arslanagic, “Water-based metasurfaces for effective switching of microwaves,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17(4), 571–574 (2018).
[Crossref]

Y. Pang, Y. Shen, Y. Li, J. Wang, Z. Xu, and S. Qu, “Water-based metamaterial absorbers for optical transparency and broadband microwave absorption,” J. Appl. Phys. 123(15), 155106 (2018).
[Crossref]

J. Xie, W. Zhu, I. D. Rukhlenko, F. Xiao, C. He, J. Geng, X. Liang, R. Jin, and M. Premaratne, “Water metamaterial for ultra-broadband and wide-angle absorption,” Opt. Express 26(4), 5052–5059 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Zhao, S. Wei, C. Wang, K. Chen, B. Zhu, T. Jiang, and Y. Feng, “Broadband microwave absorption utilizing water-based metamaterial structures,” Opt. Express 26(7), 8522–8531 (2018).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2017 (14)

Y. Matsuno and A. Sakurai, “Perfect infrared absorber and emitter based on a large-area metasurface,” Opt. Mater. Express 7(2), 618–626 (2017).
[Crossref]

T. Liu and J. Takahara, “Ultrabroadband absorber based on single-sized embedded metal-dielectric-metal structures and application of radiative cooling,” Opt. Express 25(12), A612–A627 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. Zhu, I. D. Rukhlenko, F. Xiao, C. He, J. Geng, X. Liang, M. Premaratne, and R. Jin, “Multiband coherent perfect absorption in a water-based metasurface,” Opt. Express 25(14), 15737–15745 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Xiaojun, Y. Helin, S. Zhaoyang, C. Jiao, L. Hail, and Y. Zetai, “Water-injected all-dielectric ultra-wideband and prominent oblique incidence metamaterial absorber in microwave regime,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 50(38), 385304 (2017).
[Crossref]

Y. Pang, J. Wang, Q. Cheng, S. Xia, X. Y. Zhou, Z. Xu, T. J. Cui, and S. Qu, “Thermally tunable water-substrate broadband metamaterial absorbers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(10), 104103 (2017).
[Crossref]

Q. Song, W. Zhang, P. C. Wu, W. Zhu, Z. X. Shen, P. H. J. Chong, Q. X. Liang, Z. C. Yang, Y. L. Hao, and H. Cai, “Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-Unity absorption,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 5, 8 (2017).
[Crossref]

D. J. Gogoi and N. S. Bhattacharyya, “Embedded dielectric water “atom” array for broadband microwave absorber based on Mie resonance,” J. Appl. Phys. 122(17), 175106 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. Sun and K.-M. Luk, “A wideband low cost and optically transparent water patch antenna with omnidirectional conical beam radiation patterns,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 65(9), 4478–4485 (2017).
[Crossref]

Z. Shen, H. Yang, X. Huang, and Z. Yu, “Design of negative refractive index metamaterial with water droplets using 3D-printing,” J. Opt. 19(11), 115101 (2017).
[Crossref]

I. V. Stenishchev and A. A. Basharin, “Toroidal response in all-dielectric metamaterials based on water,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 9468 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

X. Cai, S. Zhao, M. Hu, J. Xiao, N. Zhang, and J. Yang, “Water based fluidic radio frequency metamaterials,” J. Appl. Phys. 122(18), 184101 (2017).
[Crossref]

J. Kim, K. Han, and J. W. Hahn, “Selective dual-band metamaterial perfect absorber for infrared stealth technology,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 6740 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Bagmanci, M. Karaaslan, E. Unal, O. Akgol, and C. Sabah, “Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator,” Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(7), 257 (2017)

A. Ansari and M. J. Akhtar, “Co/graphite based light weight microwave absorber for electromagnetic shielding and stealth applications,” Mater. Res. Express 4, 1 (2017)

2016 (4)

M. Odit, P. Kapitanova, A. Andryieuski, P. Belov, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Experimental demonstration of water based tunable metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(1), 011901 (2016).
[Crossref]

M. Zou, Z. Shen, and J. Pan, “Frequency-reconfigurable water antenna of circular polarization,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 108(1), 014102 (2016).
[Crossref]

G. Yao, F. Ling, J. Yue, C. Luo, J. Ji, and J. Yao, “Dual-band tunable perfect metamaterial absorber in the THz range,” Opt. Express 24(2), 1518–1527 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. La Spada and L. Vegni, “Metamaterial-based wideband electromagnetic wave absorber,” Opt. Express 24(6), 5763–5772 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (7)

Y. Li and K.-M. Luk, “A water dense dielectric patch antenna,” IEEE Access 3, 274–280 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Yin, J. Zhu, W. Xu, W. Jiang, J. Yuan, G. Yin, L. Xie, Y. Ying, and Y. Ma, “High-performance terahertz wave absorbers made of silicon-based metamaterials,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(7), 073903 (2015).
[Crossref]

C. Hua and Z. Shen, “Shunt-excited sea-water monopole antenna of high efficiency,” IEEE Trans. Antenn. Propag. 63(11), 5185–5190 (2015).
[Crossref]

A. Andryieuski, S. M. Kuznetsova, S. V. Zhukovsky, Y. S. Kivshar, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 13535 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. J. Yoo, S. Ju, S. Y. Park, Y. Ju Kim, J. Bong, T. Lim, K. W. Kim, J. Y. Rhee, and Y. Lee, “Metamaterial absorber for electromagnetic waves in periodic water droplets,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 14018 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Li, B. Liu, Y. Ni, K. K. Liew, J. Sze, S. Chen, and S. Shen, “Large-scale nanophotonic solar selective absorbers for high-efficiency solar thermal energy conversion,” Adv. Mater. 27(31), 4585–4591 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. J. Li, J. Gao, X. Y. Cao, Z. Zhang, T. Liu, Y. J. Zheng, C. Zhang, and G. Zheng, “Hybrid metamaterial device with wideband absorption and multiband transmission based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons and perfect absorber,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 106(18), 181103 (2015).
[Crossref]

2014 (4)

R. Kakimi, M. Fujita, M. Nagai, M. Ashida, and T. Nagatsuma, “Capture of a terahertz wave in a photonic-crystal slab,” Nat. Photonics 8(8), 657–663 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. D. Wang, M. H. Liu, X. W. Hu, L. H. Kong, L. L. Cheng, and Z. Q. Chen, “Multi-band microwave metamaterial absorber based on coplanar Jerusalem crosses,” Chinese Phys. B 23, 1 (2014)

H. Wang, Y. Yang, and L. P. Wang, “Switchable wavelength-selective and diffuse metamaterial absorber/emitter with a phase transition spacer layer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(7), 071907 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (1)

J. Grant, I. Escorcia‐Carranza, C. Li, I. J. McCrindle, J. Gough, and D. R. Cumming, “A monolithic resonant terahertz sensor element comprising a metamaterial absorber and micro-bolometer,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7(6), 1043–1048 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (2)

G. Li, X. Chen, O. Li, C. Shao, Y. Jiang, L. Huang, B. Ni, W. Hu, and W. Lu, “A novel plasmonic resonance sensor based on an infrared perfect absorber,” J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 45(20), 205102 (2012).
[Crossref]

X. Y. Peng, B. Wang, S. Lai, D. H. Zhang, and J. H. Teng, “Ultrathin multi-band planar metamaterial absorber based on standing wave resonances,” Opt. Express 20(25), 27756–27765 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2010 (1)

2009 (2)

R. Yahiaoui, H. Němec, P. Kužel, F. Kadlec, C. Kadlec, and P. Mounaix, “Broadband dielectric terahertz metamaterials with negative permeability,” Opt. Lett. 34(22), 3541–3543 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. Diem, T. Koschny, and C. M. Soukoulis, “Wide-angle perfect absorber/thermal emitter in the terahertz regime,” Phys. Rev. B 79(3), 033101 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

N. I. Landy, S. Sajuyigbe, J. J. Mock, D. R. Smith, and W. J. Padilla, “Perfect metamaterial absorber,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(20), 207402 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2007 (1)

W. Ellison, “Permittivity of pure water at standard atmospheric pressure, over the frequency range 0–25 THz and the temperature range 0–100 °C,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36(1), 1–18 (2007).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

J. M. Gildemeister, A. T. Lee, and P. L. Richards, “Monolithic arrays of absorber-coupled voltage-biased superconducting bolometers,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 77(24), 4040–4042 (2000).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

1975 (1)

G. S. Kell, “Thermal expansivity, and compressibility of liquid water from 0° to 150°: Correlations and tables for atmospheric pressure and saturation reviewed and expressed on 1968 temperature scale,” J. Chem. Eng. Data 20(1), 97–105 (1975).
[Crossref]

1956 (1)

H. Severin, “Nonreflecting absorbers for microwave radiation,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propag. 4(3), 385–392 (1956).
[Crossref]

Akgol, O.

M. Bagmanci, M. Karaaslan, E. Unal, O. Akgol, and C. Sabah, “Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator,” Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(7), 257 (2017)

Akhtar, M. J.

A. Ansari and M. J. Akhtar, “Co/graphite based light weight microwave absorber for electromagnetic shielding and stealth applications,” Mater. Res. Express 4, 1 (2017)

Andryieuski, A.

M. Odit, P. Kapitanova, A. Andryieuski, P. Belov, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Experimental demonstration of water based tunable metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(1), 011901 (2016).
[Crossref]

A. Andryieuski, S. M. Kuznetsova, S. V. Zhukovsky, Y. S. Kivshar, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 13535 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Anoma, M. A.

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Ansari, A.

A. Ansari and M. J. Akhtar, “Co/graphite based light weight microwave absorber for electromagnetic shielding and stealth applications,” Mater. Res. Express 4, 1 (2017)

Arslanagic, S.

R. E. Jacobsen, A. V. Lavrinenko, and S. Arslanagic, “Water-based metasurfaces for effective switching of microwaves,” IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 17(4), 571–574 (2018).
[Crossref]

Ashida, M.

R. Kakimi, M. Fujita, M. Nagai, M. Ashida, and T. Nagatsuma, “Capture of a terahertz wave in a photonic-crystal slab,” Nat. Photonics 8(8), 657–663 (2014).
[Crossref]

Bagmanci, M.

M. Bagmanci, M. Karaaslan, E. Unal, O. Akgol, and C. Sabah, “Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator,” Opt. Quant. Electron. 49(7), 257 (2017)

Basharin, A. A.

I. V. Stenishchev and A. A. Basharin, “Toroidal response in all-dielectric metamaterials based on water,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 9468 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Belov, P.

M. Odit, P. Kapitanova, A. Andryieuski, P. Belov, and A. V. Lavrinenko, “Experimental demonstration of water based tunable metasurface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 109(1), 011901 (2016).
[Crossref]

Bhattacharyya, N. S.

D. J. Gogoi and N. S. Bhattacharyya, “Embedded dielectric water “atom” array for broadband microwave absorber based on Mie resonance,” J. Appl. Phys. 122(17), 175106 (2017).
[Crossref]

Bock, J. J.

Bong, J.

Y. J. Yoo, S. Ju, S. Y. Park, Y. Ju Kim, J. Bong, T. Lim, K. W. Kim, J. Y. Rhee, and Y. Lee, “Metamaterial absorber for electromagnetic waves in periodic water droplets,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 14018 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Cai, H.

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[Crossref]

Phys. Rev. Lett. (1)

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sci. Rep. (4)

J. Kim, K. Han, and J. W. Hahn, “Selective dual-band metamaterial perfect absorber for infrared stealth technology,” Sci. Rep. 7(1), 6740 (2017).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (7)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 (a) Schematic of the cylindrical-water-resonator-based ultra-broadband absorber. (b) Exploded view of the unit cell of the absorber. Each part of the unit cell is arranged layer-by-layer. (c) Side view and (d) top view of the unit cell. The geometrical parameters are as follows: p = 11.4 mm, rd = 3.2 mm, hd = 3.8 mm, tc = 1 mm, hs = 0.8 mm, dci = 0.6 mm, and dco = 2.2 mm.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Permittivity of water at 5–25 GHz obtained using Debye model.

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 (a) Simulated absorption spectra of proposed water-resonator-based absorber, metal-backed water plate, and cylindrical water resonator without metal back. The four absorption peaks of the proposed absorber have been marked as f1, f2, f3, and f4. Inset: Power loss density in the resonator for case II at 20.88 GHz. Blue represent the minimum power loss while red represents the maximum power loss. (b) Simulated input impedance of water-resonator-based absorber, with the four absorption peaks also marked.

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 Simulated vector field distribution in the absorber. (a, d, g, j) E-field in xoz plane for f1, f2, f3, and f4 of 6.07, 8.1, 16.19, and 23.45 GHz, respectively. (b, e, h, k) H-field in yoz plane for f1, f2, f3, and f4 of 6.07, 8.1, 16.19, and 23.45 GHz, respectively. (c, f, i, l) Power-loss density in xoz plane for f1, f2, f3, and f4 of 6.07, 8.1, 16.19, and 23.45 GHz, respectively.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Simulated and measured absorption spectra of the proposed absorber. Inset: Photo of absorber prototype with 15 × 15 elements. (a) Top view and (b) bottom view.

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Absorption spectra of the proposed water absorber for oblique-incidence waves with different angles of incidence and polarization states. (a) TE mode and (b) TM mode.

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Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Absorption spectrum of the absorber at different temperatures.

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Tables (1)

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Table 1 Comparison between Proposed Absorber and Previous Water-based Absorber

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