Channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder structures on RbTiOPO<sub>4</sub> by Cs<sup>+</sup> ion exchange

M. A. Butt; M. C. Pujol; R. Solé; A. Ródenas; G. Lifante; J. S. Wilkinson; M. Aguiló; F. Díaz

doi:10.1364/OME.5.001183

Channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder structures on RbTiOPO₄ by Cs⁺ ion exchange

M. A. Butt, M. C. Pujol, R. Solé, A. Ródenas, G. Lifante, J. S. Wilkinson, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz

Optical Materials Express
Vol. 5,
Issue 5,
pp. 1183-1194
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.5.001183

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M. A. Butt, M. C. Pujol, R. Solé, A. Ródenas, G. Lifante, J. S. Wilkinson, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, "Channel waveguides and Mach-Zehnder structures on RbTiOPO₄ by Cs⁺ ion exchange," Opt. Mater. Express 5, 1183-1194 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Integrated Optics Materials
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Guided waves (130.2790)
- Integrated optics materials (130.3130)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 12, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: April 10, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: April 11, 2015
- Published: April 22, 2015

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Open Access

Abstract

Cs⁺ ion exchange in RbTiOPO₄ and (Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001) has been used to locally increase the refractive indices for waveguide circuit fabrication. Ti masks were fabricated on RTP samples by conventional photolithography. Cs⁺ exchange was done using a CsNO₃ melt at 698 K during 2 h. Elemental analysis confirms an Cs⁺ profile with a variable depth. Apparently the Cs⁺ exchange is disfavored in the doped epitaxial sample. The refractive index variation is higher for n_z than for n_x,y. Near-field images of the guided modes at 633, 1064 and 1520 nm were recorded. The optical characterization shows propagation losses of 5 dB/cm at 1520 nm.

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References

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Year
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Author
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P. A. Thomas, S. C. Mayo, and B. E. Watts, “Crystal structures of RbTiOAsO4, KTiO(P0.58,As0.42)O4, RbTiOPO4 and(Rb0.465,K0.535)TiOPO4, and analysis of pseudosymmetry in crystals of the KTiOPO4 family,” Acta Crystallogr. B 48(4), 401–407 (1992).
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Y. Guillien, B. Ménaert, J. P. Féve, P. Segonds, J. Douady, B. Boulanger, and O. Pacaud, “Crystal growth and refined Sellmeier equations over the complete transparency range of RbTiOPO4,” Opt. Mater. 22(2), 155–162 (2003).
[Crossref]
J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
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[Crossref]
J. D. Bierlein and H. Vanherzeele, “Potassium titanyl phosphate: properties and new applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 622–633 (1989).
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[Crossref]
L. Zhang, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, Z. T. Alwahai, and A. J. McCaffery, “Second-harmonic generation in ion-implanted KTiOPO4 planar waveguides,” Electron. Lett. 28(16), 1478–1480 (1992).
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[Crossref]
J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]
J. Cugat, R. Solé, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, J. Massons, G. Lifante, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Channel waveguides on RbTiOPO4 by Cs+ ion exchange,” Opt. Lett. 38(3), 323–325 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
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J. J. Carvajal, V. Nikolov, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà, J. Massons, M. Rico, C. Zaldo, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Enhancement of Erbium Concentration in RbTiOPO4 by Codoping with Niobium,” Chem. Mater. 12(10), 3171–3180 (2000).
[Crossref]
J. Cugat, R. M. Solé, J. J. Carvajal, M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Crystal growth and characterization of RbTi1-x-yYbxNbyOPO4/RbTiOPO4(001) non-linear optical epitaxial layers,” CrystEngComm 13(6), 2015–2022 (2011).
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[Crossref]
V. I. Voronkova, V. K. Yanovskii, T. Yu. Losevskaya, and S. Yu. Stefanovich, “Electrical and nonlinear optical properties of KTiOPO4 single crystals doped by Nb or Sb,” J. Appl. Phys. 94(3), 1954–1958 (2003).
[Crossref]
A. Peña, B. Ménaert, B. Boulanger, F. Laurell, C. Canalias, V. Pasiskevicius, P. Segonds, C. Félix, J. Debray, and S. Pairis, “Template-growth of periodically domain-structured KTiOPO4 [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(2), 185–191 (2011).
[Crossref]
K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).
K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, S. Tsygankov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical strength of diffused planar Rb:KTP waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(4), 494–495 (1990).

2013 (2)

A. Choudhary, J. Cugat, K. Pradeesh, R. Solé, F. Díaz, M. Aguiló, H. M. H. Chong, and D. P. Shepherd, “Single-mode rib waveguides in (Yb,Nb):RbTiOPO4 by reactive ion etching,” J. Phys. D 46(14), 145108 (2013).
[Crossref]

J. Cugat, R. Solé, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, J. Massons, G. Lifante, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Channel waveguides on RbTiOPO4 by Cs+ ion exchange,” Opt. Lett. 38(3), 323–325 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (2)

J. Cugat, R. M. Solé, J. J. Carvajal, M. C. Pujol, X. Mateos, F. Díaz, and M. Aguiló, “Crystal growth and characterization of RbTi1-x-yYbxNbyOPO4/RbTiOPO4(001) non-linear optical epitaxial layers,” CrystEngComm 13(6), 2015–2022 (2011).
[Crossref]

A. Peña, B. Ménaert, B. Boulanger, F. Laurell, C. Canalias, V. Pasiskevicius, P. Segonds, C. Félix, J. Debray, and S. Pairis, “Template-growth of periodically domain-structured KTiOPO4 [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(2), 185–191 (2011).
[Crossref]

2003 (2)

V. I. Voronkova, V. K. Yanovskii, T. Yu. Losevskaya, and S. Yu. Stefanovich, “Electrical and nonlinear optical properties of KTiOPO4 single crystals doped by Nb or Sb,” J. Appl. Phys. 94(3), 1954–1958 (2003).
[Crossref]

Y. Guillien, B. Ménaert, J. P. Féve, P. Segonds, J. Douady, B. Boulanger, and O. Pacaud, “Crystal growth and refined Sellmeier equations over the complete transparency range of RbTiOPO4,” Opt. Mater. 22(2), 155–162 (2003).
[Crossref]

2000 (1)

J. J. Carvajal, V. Nikolov, R. Solé, J. Gavaldà, J. Massons, M. Rico, C. Zaldo, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Enhancement of Erbium Concentration in RbTiOPO4 by Codoping with Niobium,” Chem. Mater. 12(10), 3171–3180 (2000).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

M. N. Satyanarayan, A. Deepthy, and H. L. Bhat, “Potassium Titanyl Phosphate and its isomorphs: Growth, properties and applications,” Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 24(2), 103–191 (1999).
[Crossref]

1994 (2)

S. Yu, A. I. Oseledchik, A. L. Pisarevsky, V. V. Prosvirnin, N. V. Starshenko, and N. V. Svitanko, “Nonlinear optical properties of the flux grown RbTiOPO4 crystal,” Opt. Mater. 3(4), 237–242 (1994).
[Crossref]

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

M. G. Roelofs, A. Ferretti, and J. D. Bierlein, “Proton-exchanged and ammonium-exchanged waveguides in KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(8), 3608–3613 (1993).
[Crossref]

1992 (3)

L. Zhang, P. J. Chandler, P. D. Townsend, Z. T. Alwahai, and A. J. McCaffery, “Second-harmonic generation in ion-implanted KTiOPO4 planar waveguides,” Electron. Lett. 28(16), 1478–1480 (1992).
[Crossref]

P. U. M. Sastry, M. S. Somayazulu, and A. Sequiera, “Influence of some partial substitutions on conductivity and dielectric behaviour of potassium titanyl phosphate,” Mater. Res. Bull. 27(12), 1385–1392 (1992).
[Crossref]

P. A. Thomas, S. C. Mayo, and B. E. Watts, “Crystal structures of RbTiOAsO4, KTiO(P0.58,As0.42)O4, RbTiOPO4 and(Rb0.465,K0.535)TiOPO4, and analysis of pseudosymmetry in crystals of the KTiOPO4 family,” Acta Crystallogr. B 48(4), 401–407 (1992).
[Crossref]

1990 (3)

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, S. Tsygankov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical strength of diffused planar Rb:KTP waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(4), 494–495 (1990).

1989 (1)

J. D. Bierlein and H. Vanherzeele, “Potassium titanyl phosphate: properties and new applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 622–633 (1989).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Aguiló, M.

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Alwahai, Z. T.

Angert, N.

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

Bhat, H. L.

Bierlein, J. D.

M. G. Roelofs, A. Ferretti, and J. D. Bierlein, “Proton-exchanged and ammonium-exchanged waveguides in KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(8), 3608–3613 (1993).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein and H. Vanherzeele, “Potassium titanyl phosphate: properties and new applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 622–633 (1989).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Boulanger, B.

Brixner, L. H.

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Brown, J. B.

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

Buritskii, K. S.

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

Canalias, C.

Carvajal, J. J.

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Chandler, P. J.

Chernykh, V. A.

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

Chong, H. M. H.

Choudhary, A.

Cugat, J.

Debray, J.

Deepthy, A.

Dianov, E. M.

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

Díaz, F.

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Douady, J.

Félix, C.

Ferretti, A.

M. G. Roelofs, A. Ferretti, and J. D. Bierlein, “Proton-exchanged and ammonium-exchanged waveguides in KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(8), 3608–3613 (1993).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Féve, J. P.

Gavaldà, J.

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Guillien, Y.

Hsu, W. Y.

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Kugel, V. D.

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

Laubacher, D. B.

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

Laurell, F.

Lifante, G.

Losevskaya, T. Yu.

Maslov, V. A.

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

Massons, J.

Mateos, X.

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

Mayo, S. C.

McCaffery, A. J.

Ménaert, B.

Nikolov, V.

Oseledchik, A. I.

Pacaud, O.

Pairis, S.

Pasiskevicius, V.

Peña, A.

Pisarevsky, A. L.

Pradeesh, K.

Prosvirnin, V. V.

Pujol, M. C.

Rico, M.

Roelofs, M. G.

M. G. Roelofs, A. Ferretti, and J. D. Bierlein, “Proton-exchanged and ammonium-exchanged waveguides in KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(8), 3608–3613 (1993).
[Crossref]

Roseman, G.

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

Roth, M.

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

Sastry, P. U. M.

Satyanarayan, M. N.

Segonds, P.

Sequiera, A.

Shcherbakov, E. A.

K. S. Buritskii, E. M. Dianov, V. A. Maslov, V. A. Chernykh, and E. A. Shcherbakov, “Measurement of optical anisotropy in KTP:Rb waveguides,” Kvant. Electron. 17(10), 1369–1370 (1990).

Shepherd, D. P.

Solé, R.

Solé, R. M.

Somayazulu, M. S.

Starshenko, N. V.

Stefanovich, S. Yu.

Svitanko, N. V.

Thomas, P. A.

Townsend, P. D.

Tsygankov, S.

van der Poel, C. J.

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

Vanherzeele, H.

J. D. Bierlein and H. Vanherzeele, “Potassium titanyl phosphate: properties and new applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 622–633 (1989).
[Crossref]

Voronkova, V. I.

Watts, B. E.

Yanovskii, V. K.

Yaschin, E.

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

Yu, S.

Zaldo, C.

Zhang, L.

Acta Crystallogr. B (1)

Appl. Phys. Lett. (2)

J. D. Bierlein, D. B. Laubacher, J. B. Brown, and C. J. van der Poel, “Balanced phase matching in segmented KTiOPO4 waveguides,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 56(18), 1725–1727 (1990).
[Crossref]

J. D. Bierlein, A. Ferretti, L. H. Brixner, and W. Y. Hsu, “Fabrication and characterization of optical waveguides in KTiOPO4,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 50(18), 1216–1918 (1987).
[Crossref]

Chem. Mater. (1)

Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. (1)

CrystEngComm (1)

Electron. Lett. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (4)

V. D. Kugel, G. Roseman, N. Angert, E. Yaschin, and M. Roth, “Domain inversion in KTiOPO4 crystal near the Curie point,” J. Appl. Phys. 76(8), 4823–4826 (1994).
[Crossref]

J. Gavaldà, J. J. Carvajal, X. Mateos, M. Aguiló, and F. Díaz, “Dielectric properties of Yb3+ and Nb5+ doped RbTiOPO4 single crystals,” J. Appl. Phys. 111(3), 034106 (2012).
[Crossref]

M. G. Roelofs, A. Ferretti, and J. D. Bierlein, “Proton-exchanged and ammonium-exchanged waveguides in KTiOPO4,” J. Appl. Phys. 73(8), 3608–3613 (1993).
[Crossref]

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (1)

J. D. Bierlein and H. Vanherzeele, “Potassium titanyl phosphate: properties and new applications,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6(4), 622–633 (1989).
[Crossref]

J. Phys. D (1)

Kvant. Electron. (2)

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Fig. 1 RTP bulk single crystal grown by TSSG-SC and a cut and polished RTP(001) oriented substrate.

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Fig. 2 Pattern design of (a) MZ, (b) S-bend WG, (c) straight WG.

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Fig. 3 Steps for the fabrication of the Cs⁺ ion exchange WGs in RTP.

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Fig. 4 Cut and polished plates of RTP from a single RTP bulk single crystal, on the left, before the wet chemistry attack, on the right after the wet chemical attack. The attacked parts have been highlighted to help to visualize them.

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Fig. 5 (Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001) epitaxial layer after wet etching.

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Fig. 6 Cs⁺ concentration in the channel as a function of the depth in the RTP substrate and (Yb,Nb):RTP epitaxial layer.

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Fig. 7 ESEM images of the top view of (a) Cs:RTP(001) coated with a patterned Ti layer (b) Cs:(Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP (001) sample coated with a patterned Ti layer.

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Fig. 8 (a) Near field mode intensity profile from a 9 mm long straight WG, (b) of the output guided modes in a 9 mm long S-bend WG, (c) of the output guided mode in 9 mm long MZ at 633 nm.

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Fig. 9 (a) Near field image of the TE₀₁ mode at 633 nm of a straight WG, (b) Near field image of TM₁₁ mode at 633 nm of a straight WG, (c) Near field image of the TE₀₁ at 1064 nm of a straight WG, (d) measured near field image of the TM₀₀ at 1064 nm of a straight WG, (e) Near field image of the TE mode at 1520 nm of a straight WG, (f) Near field image of the TM₀₀ mode at 1520 nm of a straight WG.

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Fig. 10 TM modes of straight WGs fabricated on Cs⁺ exchanged (Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001) along the [120] direction.

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Tables (3)

Table 1 Geometrical parameters of the designs.

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Table 2 Description of the fabricated WGs.

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Table 3 Losses evaluation in Cs⁺ exchanged WGs.

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Equations (1)

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L_{I} = - 10 * {log}_{10} (P_{wg} / P_{no - wg}),

Sample	WG [uvw] propagation direction	WG types
RTP(001)	b	Straight, S-bend, MZ
(Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001)	[120]	Straight WG
RTP(001)	[180]*	Straight WG
*the angle between the a and [180] is 76°.

Sample	λ [nm]	Pol.	WG	[uvw]	L_C [dB]	L_Fr [dB]	L_I [dB]	L_Prop [dB/cm]
RTP(001)	633	TM	Straight	b	10.0	0.9	22.6	11.3
	633	TM	S-Bend	b	8.1	0.9	23.4	15.8
	633	TM	MZ	b	11.5	0.9	21.7	10.4
	633	TE	Straight	[180]	7.5	0.7	14.5	5.7
	633	TM	Straight	[180]	7.0	0.7	25.2	15.9
	1064	TE	Straight	[180]	5.9	0.7	27.3	18.8
	1064	TM	Straight	[180]	1.4	0.7	30.9	26.1
	1520	TE	Straight	[180]	11.4	0.7	19.3	6.6
	1520	TM	Straight	[180]	10.6	0.7	16.8	5.0
(Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001)	633	TM	Straight	[120]	2.8	0.9	21.8	15.5

Sample	WG [uvw] propagation direction	WG types
RTP(001)	b	Straight, S-bend, MZ
(Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001)	[120]	Straight WG
RTP(001)	[180]*	Straight WG
*the angle between the a and [180] is 76°.

Sample	λ [nm]	Pol.	WG	[uvw]	L_C [dB]	L_Fr [dB]	L_I [dB]	L_Prop [dB/cm]
RTP(001)	633	TM	Straight	b	10.0	0.9	22.6	11.3
	633	TM	S-Bend	b	8.1	0.9	23.4	15.8
	633	TM	MZ	b	11.5	0.9	21.7	10.4
	633	TE	Straight	[180]	7.5	0.7	14.5	5.7
	633	TM	Straight	[180]	7.0	0.7	25.2	15.9
	1064	TE	Straight	[180]	5.9	0.7	27.3	18.8
	1064	TM	Straight	[180]	1.4	0.7	30.9	26.1
	1520	TE	Straight	[180]	11.4	0.7	19.3	6.6
	1520	TM	Straight	[180]	10.6	0.7	16.8	5.0
(Yb,Nb):RTP/RTP(001)	633	TM	Straight	[120]	2.8	0.9	21.8	15.5