Formation and photoluminescence property of PbS quantum dots in silica optical fiber based on atomic layer deposition

Yanhua Dong; Jianxiang Wen; Fufei Pang; Yanhua Luo; Gang-ding Peng; Zhenyi Chen; Tingyun Wang

doi:10.1364/OME.5.000712

Formation and photoluminescence property of PbS quantum dots in silica optical fiber based on atomic layer deposition

Yanhua Dong, Jianxiang Wen, Fufei Pang, Yanhua Luo, Gang-ding Peng, Zhenyi Chen, and Tingyun Wang

Optical Materials Express
Vol. 5,
Issue 4,
pp. 712-719
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.5.000712

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Yanhua Dong, Jianxiang Wen, Fufei Pang, Yanhua Luo, Gang-ding Peng, Zhenyi Chen, and Tingyun Wang, "Formation and photoluminescence property of PbS quantum dots in silica optical fiber based on atomic layer deposition," Opt. Mater. Express 5, 712-719 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Nanomaterials
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber design and fabrication (060.2280)
- Fiber properties (060.2400)
- Optical properties (160.4760)
- Nanomaterials (160.4236)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 15, 2014
- Revised Manuscript: March 2, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: March 3, 2015
- Published: March 9, 2015

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

The PbS Quantum Dots (QDs)-doped silica optical fiber is fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique in combination with modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) technology. PbS materials are introduced into the fiber core and then formed to QDs in the optical fiber materials during the preparation process. Its structure features and optical properties are investigated. The element distribution and stoichiometry of the core materials are revealed by μ-X-ray absorption near edge structure (μ-XANES), μ-X-ray fluorescent (μ-XRF) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analysis. The experiment results indicate that PbS QDs are distributed at the region between core and cladding layers with the concentration about 0.11 mol%. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) further reveals the dispersion of PbS QDs is uniform and its nanocrystalline size is about 2-6 nm. This is basically in agreement with the evolution results with effective-mass method. Additionally, PbS QDs-doped optical fiber pumped with 980 nm exhibits photoluminescence property in the 1050-1350 nm range. The special doping fibers will show application potential in optical fiber amplifiers, fiber lasers and optical sensing.

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References

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Year
|
Author
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Publication

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[Crossref]
X. L. Sun, R. Dai, J. J. Chen, W. Zhou, T. Y. Wang, A. R. Kost, C. K. Tsung, and Z. S. An, “Enhanced thermal stability of oleic-acid-capped PbS quantum dot optical fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 22(1), 519–524 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. F. Pang, X. L. Sun, H. R. Guo, J. W. Yan, J. Wang, X. L. Zeng, Z. Y. Chen, and T. Y. Wang, “A PbS quantum dots fiber amplifier excited by evanescent wave,” Opt. Express 18(13), 14024–14030 (2010).
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[Crossref]
G. P. Dong, G. B. Wu, S. H. Fan, F. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, B. T. Wu, Z. J. Ma, M. Y. Peng, and J. R. Qiu, “Formation, near-infrared luminescence and multi-wavelength optical amplification of PbS quantum dot-embedded silicate glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 383, 192–195 (2014).
[Crossref]
C. Liu, Y. K. Kwon, and J. Heo, “Optical modulation of near-infrared photoluminescence from lead sulfide quantum dots in glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(2), 021103 (2009).
[Crossref]
K. C. Preetha and T. L. Remadevi, “The effect of introducing Al ions in cationic deposition bath on as-prepared PbS thin film through SILAR deposition method,” Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 24, 179–186 (2014).
[Crossref]
A. Carrillo-Castillo, R. C. Ambrosio Lázaro, A. Jimenez-Pérez, C. A. Martínez Pérez, E. C. de la Cruz Terrazas, and M. A. Quevedo-López, “Role of complexing agents in chemical bath deposition of lead sulfide thin films,” Mater. Lett. 121, 19–21 (2014).
[Crossref]
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[Crossref]
L. Norin, E. Vanin, P. Soininen, and M. Putkonen, “Atomic layer deposition as a new method for rare-earth doping of optical fibers,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Baltimore, Maryland, (Optical Society of American, 2007), paper CTuBB5.
[Crossref]
J. J. Montiel i Ponsoda, L. Norin, C. G. Ye, M. Bosund, M. J. Söderlund, A. Tervonen, and S. Honkanen, “Ytterbium-doped fibers fabricated with atomic layer deposition method,” Opt. Express 20(22), 25085–25095 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]
M. A. Malik, P. O’Brien, M. Motevalli, A. C. Jones, and T. Leedham, “X-ray crystal structures of bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionatolead(II) and bis-2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluorooctane-3,5-dionatolead(II): compounds important in the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of lead-containing films,” Polyhedron 18(11), 1641–1646 (1999).
[Crossref]
J. J. Koponen, M. J. Söderlund, H. J. Hoffman, and S. K. T. Tammela, “Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers,” Opt. Express 14(24), 11539–11544 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
F. Z. Tang, P. McNamara, G. W. Barton, and S. P. Ringer, “Nanoscale characterization of silica soots and aluminum solution doping in optical fiber fabrication,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352(36–37), 3799–3807 (2006).
[Crossref]
K. Funasaka, T. Tojo, K. Katahira, M. Shinya, T. Miyazaki, T. Kamiura, O. Yamamoto, H. Moriwaki, H. Tanida, and M. Takaoka, “Detection of Pb-LIII edge XANES spectra of urban atmospheric particles combined with simple acid extraction,” Sci. Total Environ. 403(1-3), 230–234 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Takaoka, T. Yamamoto, T. Tanaka, N. Takeda, K. Oshita, and T. Uruga, “Direct speciation of lead, zinc and antimony in fly ash from waste treatment facilities by XAFS spectroscopy,” Phys. Scr. T 115, 943–945 (2005).
[Crossref]
M. E. Fleet and S. Muthupari, “Coordination of boron in alkali borosilicate glasses using XANES,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 255(2–3), 233–241 (1999).
[Crossref]
D. W. Deng, J. Cao, J. F. Xia, Z. Y. Qian, Y. Q. Gu, Z. Z. Gu, and W. G. Akers, “Two-phase approach to high-quality, oil-soluble, near-infrared-emitting PbS quantum dots by using various water-soluble anion precursors,” Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011(15), 2422–2432 (2011).
[Crossref]
J. L. Machol, F. W. Wise, R. C. Patel, and D. B. Tanner, “Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(4), 2819–2822 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
P. Andreakou, M. Brossard, C. Y. Li, M. Bernechea, G. Konstantatos, and P. G. Lagoudakis, “Size- and temperature-dependent carrier dynamics in oleic acid capped PbS quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(4), 1887–1892 (2013).
[Crossref]
Y. Yang, W. Rodríguez-Córdoba, and T. Q. Lian, “Ultrafast charge separation and recombination dynamics in lead sulfide quantum dot-methylene blue complexes probed by electron and hole intraband transitions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(24), 9246–9249 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler, and R. Kasowski, “PbS in polymers. From molecules to bulk solids,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(12), 7315–7322 (1987).
[Crossref]
I. Kang and F. W. Wise, “Electronic structure and optical properties of PbS and PbSe quantum dots,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14(7), 1632–1646 (1997).
[Crossref]

2014 (5)

L. Gao, D. D. Dong, J. G. He, K. K. Qiao, F. R. Cao, M. Li, H. Liu, Y. B. Cheng, J. Tang, and H. S. Song, “Wearable and sensitive heart-rate detectors based on PbS quantum dot and multiwalled carbon nanotube blend film,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(15), 153702 (2014).
[Crossref]

G. P. Dong, G. B. Wu, S. H. Fan, F. T. Zhang, Y. H. Zhang, B. T. Wu, Z. J. Ma, M. Y. Peng, and J. R. Qiu, “Formation, near-infrared luminescence and multi-wavelength optical amplification of PbS quantum dot-embedded silicate glasses,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 383, 192–195 (2014).
[Crossref]

K. C. Preetha and T. L. Remadevi, “The effect of introducing Al ions in cationic deposition bath on as-prepared PbS thin film through SILAR deposition method,” Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 24, 179–186 (2014).
[Crossref]

A. Carrillo-Castillo, R. C. Ambrosio Lázaro, A. Jimenez-Pérez, C. A. Martínez Pérez, E. C. de la Cruz Terrazas, and M. A. Quevedo-López, “Role of complexing agents in chemical bath deposition of lead sulfide thin films,” Mater. Lett. 121, 19–21 (2014).
[Crossref]

X. L. Sun, R. Dai, J. J. Chen, W. Zhou, T. Y. Wang, A. R. Kost, C. K. Tsung, and Z. S. An, “Enhanced thermal stability of oleic-acid-capped PbS quantum dot optical fiber amplifier,” Opt. Express 22(1), 519–524 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (3)

S. Novak, L. Scarpantonio, J. Novak, M. Dai Prè, A. Martucci, J. D. Musgraves, N. D. McClenaghan, and K. Richardson, “Incorporation of luminescent CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots and PbS quantum dots into solution-derived chalcogenide glass films,” Opt. Mater. Express 3(6), 729–738 (2013).

A. P. Litvin, P. S. Parfenov, E. V. Ushakova, A. V. Fedorov, M. V. Artemyev, A. V. Prudnikau, V. V. Golubkov, and A. V. Baranov, “PbS Quantum Dots in a Porous Matrix: Optical Characterization,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(23), 12318–12324 (2013).
[Crossref]

P. Andreakou, M. Brossard, C. Y. Li, M. Bernechea, G. Konstantatos, and P. G. Lagoudakis, “Size- and temperature-dependent carrier dynamics in oleic acid capped PbS quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. C 117(4), 1887–1892 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (3)

R. Gumenyuk, M. S. Gaponenko, K. V. Yumashev, A. A. Onushchenko, and O. G. Okhotnikov, “Vector soliton bunching in thulium-holmium fiber laser mode-locked with PbS quantum-dot-doped glass absorber,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 48(7), 903–907 (2012).
[Crossref]

I. Moreels, D. Kruschke, P. Glas, and J. W. Tomm, “The dielectric function of PbS quantum dots in a glass matrix,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(5), 496–500 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. J. Montiel i Ponsoda, L. Norin, C. G. Ye, M. Bosund, M. J. Söderlund, A. Tervonen, and S. Honkanen, “Ytterbium-doped fibers fabricated with atomic layer deposition method,” Opt. Express 20(22), 25085–25095 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2011 (2)

Y. Yang, W. Rodríguez-Córdoba, and T. Q. Lian, “Ultrafast charge separation and recombination dynamics in lead sulfide quantum dot-methylene blue complexes probed by electron and hole intraband transitions,” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(24), 9246–9249 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. W. Deng, J. Cao, J. F. Xia, Z. Y. Qian, Y. Q. Gu, Z. Z. Gu, and W. G. Akers, “Two-phase approach to high-quality, oil-soluble, near-infrared-emitting PbS quantum dots by using various water-soluble anion precursors,” Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2011(15), 2422–2432 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (1)

F. F. Pang, X. L. Sun, H. R. Guo, J. W. Yan, J. Wang, X. L. Zeng, Z. Y. Chen, and T. Y. Wang, “A PbS quantum dots fiber amplifier excited by evanescent wave,” Opt. Express 18(13), 14024–14030 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

C. Liu, Y. K. Kwon, and J. Heo, “Optical modulation of near-infrared photoluminescence from lead sulfide quantum dots in glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(2), 021103 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

K. Funasaka, T. Tojo, K. Katahira, M. Shinya, T. Miyazaki, T. Kamiura, O. Yamamoto, H. Moriwaki, H. Tanida, and M. Takaoka, “Detection of Pb-LIII edge XANES spectra of urban atmospheric particles combined with simple acid extraction,” Sci. Total Environ. 403(1-3), 230–234 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2006 (2)

F. Z. Tang, P. McNamara, G. W. Barton, and S. P. Ringer, “Nanoscale characterization of silica soots and aluminum solution doping in optical fiber fabrication,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352(36–37), 3799–3807 (2006).
[Crossref]

J. J. Koponen, M. J. Söderlund, H. J. Hoffman, and S. K. T. Tammela, “Measuring photodarkening from single-mode ytterbium doped silica fibers,” Opt. Express 14(24), 11539–11544 (2006).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

M. Takaoka, T. Yamamoto, T. Tanaka, N. Takeda, K. Oshita, and T. Uruga, “Direct speciation of lead, zinc and antimony in fly ash from waste treatment facilities by XAFS spectroscopy,” Phys. Scr. T 115, 943–945 (2005).
[Crossref]

1999 (3)

M. E. Fleet and S. Muthupari, “Coordination of boron in alkali borosilicate glasses using XANES,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 255(2–3), 233–241 (1999).
[Crossref]

I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]

M. A. Malik, P. O’Brien, M. Motevalli, A. C. Jones, and T. Leedham, “X-ray crystal structures of bis-2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionatolead(II) and bis-2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluorooctane-3,5-dionatolead(II): compounds important in the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of lead-containing films,” Polyhedron 18(11), 1641–1646 (1999).
[Crossref]

1997 (1)

I. Kang and F. W. Wise, “Electronic structure and optical properties of PbS and PbSe quantum dots,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14(7), 1632–1646 (1997).
[Crossref]

1993 (1)

J. L. Machol, F. W. Wise, R. C. Patel, and D. B. Tanner, “Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(4), 2819–2822 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1990 (1)

M. Leskelä, L. Niinistö, P. Niemela, E. Nykänen, P. Soininen, M. Tiitta, and J. Vähäkangas, “Preparation of lead sulfide thin films by the atomic layer epitaxy process,” Vacuum 41(4–6), 1457–1459 (1990).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler, and R. Kasowski, “PbS in polymers. From molecules to bulk solids,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(12), 7315–7322 (1987).
[Crossref]

Akers, W. G.

Ambrosio Lázaro, R. C.

An, Z. S.

Andreakou, P.

Artemyev, M. V.

Baranov, A. V.

Barton, G. W.

Baum, T. H.

I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]

Bernechea, M.

Bosund, M.

Brossard, M.

Cao, F. R.

Cao, J.

Carrillo-Castillo, A.

Chen, I.-S.

I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]

Chen, J. J.

Chen, Z. Y.

Cheng, Y. B.

Dai, R.

Dai Prè, M.

de la Cruz Terrazas, E. C.

Deng, D. W.

Dong, D. D.

Dong, G. P.

Fan, S. H.

Fedorov, A. V.

Fleet, M. E.

M. E. Fleet and S. Muthupari, “Coordination of boron in alkali borosilicate glasses using XANES,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 255(2–3), 233–241 (1999).
[Crossref]

Funasaka, K.

Gao, L.

Gaponenko, M. S.

Glas, P.

I. Moreels, D. Kruschke, P. Glas, and J. W. Tomm, “The dielectric function of PbS quantum dots in a glass matrix,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(5), 496–500 (2012).
[Crossref]

Glassman, T. E.

I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]

Golubkov, V. V.

Gu, Y. Q.

Gu, Z. Z.

Gumenyuk, R.

Guo, H. R.

He, J. G.

Heo, J.

C. Liu, Y. K. Kwon, and J. Heo, “Optical modulation of near-infrared photoluminescence from lead sulfide quantum dots in glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(2), 021103 (2009).
[Crossref]

Hoffman, H. J.

Honkanen, S.

Jimenez-Pérez, A.

Jones, A. C.

Kamiura, T.

Kang, I.

I. Kang and F. W. Wise, “Electronic structure and optical properties of PbS and PbSe quantum dots,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14(7), 1632–1646 (1997).
[Crossref]

Kasowski, R.

Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler, and R. Kasowski, “PbS in polymers. From molecules to bulk solids,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(12), 7315–7322 (1987).
[Crossref]

Katahira, K.

Konstantatos, G.

Koponen, J. J.

Kost, A. R.

Kruschke, D.

I. Moreels, D. Kruschke, P. Glas, and J. W. Tomm, “The dielectric function of PbS quantum dots in a glass matrix,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(5), 496–500 (2012).
[Crossref]

Kwon, Y. K.

C. Liu, Y. K. Kwon, and J. Heo, “Optical modulation of near-infrared photoluminescence from lead sulfide quantum dots in glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(2), 021103 (2009).
[Crossref]

Lagoudakis, P. G.

Leedham, T.

Leskelä, M.

Li, C. Y.

Li, M.

Lian, T. Q.

Litvin, A. P.

Liu, C.

C. Liu, Y. K. Kwon, and J. Heo, “Optical modulation of near-infrared photoluminescence from lead sulfide quantum dots in glasses,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 94(2), 021103 (2009).
[Crossref]

Liu, H.

Ma, Z. J.

Machol, J. L.

J. L. Machol, F. W. Wise, R. C. Patel, and D. B. Tanner, “Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(4), 2819–2822 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mahler, W.

Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler, and R. Kasowski, “PbS in polymers. From molecules to bulk solids,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(12), 7315–7322 (1987).
[Crossref]

Malik, M. A.

Martínez Pérez, C. A.

Martucci, A.

McClenaghan, N. D.

McNamara, P.

Miyazaki, T.

Montiel i Ponsoda, J. J.

Moreels, I.

I. Moreels, D. Kruschke, P. Glas, and J. W. Tomm, “The dielectric function of PbS quantum dots in a glass matrix,” Opt. Mater. Express 2(5), 496–500 (2012).
[Crossref]

Moriwaki, H.

Motevalli, M.

Musgraves, J. D.

Muthupari, S.

M. E. Fleet and S. Muthupari, “Coordination of boron in alkali borosilicate glasses using XANES,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids 255(2–3), 233–241 (1999).
[Crossref]

Niemela, P.

Niinistö, L.

Norin, L.

Novak, J.

Novak, S.

Nykänen, E.

O’Brien, P.

Okhotnikov, O. G.

Onushchenko, A. A.

Oshita, K.

Pang, F. F.

Parfenov, P. S.

Patel, R. C.

J. L. Machol, F. W. Wise, R. C. Patel, and D. B. Tanner, “Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(4), 2819–2822 (1993).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Peng, M. Y.

Preetha, K. C.

Prudnikau, A. V.

Qian, Z. Y.

Qiao, K. K.

Qiu, J. R.

Quevedo-López, M. A.

Remadevi, T. L.

Richardson, K.

Ringer, S. P.

Rodríguez-Córdoba, W.

Roeder, J. F.

I.-S. Chen, J. F. Roeder, T. E. Glassman, and T. H. Baum, “Liquid delivery MOCVD of niobium-doped Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 using a novel niobium precursor,” Chem. Mater. 11(2), 209–212 (1999).
[Crossref]

Scarpantonio, L.

Shinya, M.

Söderlund, M. J.

Soininen, P.

Song, H. S.

Sun, X. L.

Suna, A.

Y. Wang, A. Suna, W. Mahler, and R. Kasowski, “PbS in polymers. From molecules to bulk solids,” J. Chem. Phys. 87(12), 7315–7322 (1987).
[Crossref]

Takaoka, M.

Takeda, N.

Tammela, S. K. T.

Tanaka, T.

Tang, F. Z.

Tang, J.

Tanida, H.

Tanner, D. B.

J. L. Machol, F. W. Wise, R. C. Patel, and D. B. Tanner, “Vibronic quantum beats in PbS microcrystallites,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 48(4), 2819–2822 (1993).
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Fig. 1 L_III XANES spectra of Pb-related materials (Reference data of PbS and PbO materials reported in [20, 21]), (inner) PbS-doped optical fiber preform and its cross-section.

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Fig. 2 μ-XRF spectra of Pb and Ge elements in the fiber core, (inner) cross-section of PbS-doped optical fiber preform.

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Fig. 3 The RID of PbS-doped silica optical fiber, (inner) cross-section of the optical fiber.

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Fig. 4 Procedure of FIB machining: (a) metal spraying on cross-section, (inner) the pre-coated platinum on the core of fiber; (b) slicing process; (c) sample separates from the fiber; (d) ion beam thinning process.

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Fig. 5 TEM images of optical fiber core with PbS-doped materials: (a) LRTEM; (b) HRTEM lattice image, (inner) SAED.

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Fig. 6 Optical properties of PbS-QDs doped silica optical fiber: (a) absorption spectrum; (b) PL spectrum.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 The content of different elements in the fiber core

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Equations (2)

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E_{g} (R) = ℏ ω - {(α ℏ ω)}^{2}

{(E_{g} (R))}^{2} = E_{g}^{2} + (\frac{2 ℏ^{2} E_{g}}{m}) {(\frac{π}{R})}^{2}

Elements	Mass Conc. %	Atomic Conc. %
Si K	57.68	65.57
O K	13.91	27.77
Au M	21.94	3.56
Ge L	5.12	2.25
Al L	0.53	0.63
S K	0.12	0.12
Pb M	0.69	0.11
Total	100