Abstract

Based on 3D Dirac-semimetal (DSM) modified hybrid waveguides, tunable propagation properties have been investigated, including the effects of Fermi levels, structural parameters, and operation frequency. The results show that if the operation frequency is smaller (larger) than the transition frequency ($\hbar \omega \approx {2|}{\mu _c}|$), the proposed hybrid waveguides indicate strong (weak) confinement because the DSM layer manifests a high plasmonic (dielectric low) loss property. The dielectric fiber shape affects the propagation property obviously, as the elliptical parameter decreases, the confinement and figure of merit increase, and the loss reduces. With the increase in Fermi level, the propagation constant increases, and the frequency (amplitude) modulation depth is 32.31% (12.93%) if the Fermi level changes in the range of 0.01–0.15 eV. The results are very helpful in understanding the tunable mechanisms of hybrid waveguides and designing novel plasmonic devices in the future, e.g., modulators, filters, lasers, and resonators.

© 2021 Optical Society of America

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