Delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor: a promising adaptive beamformer

Souradip Paul; Anjali Thomas; Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh

doi:10.1364/OL.437394

Optics Letters
Vol. 46,
Issue 18,
pp. 4662-4665
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.437394

Delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor: a promising adaptive beamformer

Souradip Paul, Anjali Thomas, and Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh

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Souradip Paul, Anjali Thomas, and Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh, "Delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor: a promising adaptive beamformer," Opt. Lett. 46, 4662-4665 (2021)

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Abstract

A new adaptive weighting method [delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor (DASDSF)] combined with minimum variance (MV) beamforming is introduced in photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Existing MV-based beamformers improve photoacoustic image quality in terms of achieving narrow main lobes and, thus, improving spatial resolution. But, the beamformers give a strong side-lobe signal strength that greatly degrades the reconstructed image contrast. As a feedback weighting factor, DASDSF addresses the persisting side-lobe issue present in MV-beamformed images, i.e., our proposed method is robust against reduction in noises as well as side lobes, and it outperforms MV and MV combined with coherence factor beamformers. Validation studies—being carried out both in numerical simulation and experiments employing a low-cost (16 elements) linear transducer array in a home-built PAI system—demonstrate an excellent performance of the proposed weighting approach in improving SNR, while reducing main-lobe width (i.e., FWHM) and side-lobe signal strength. The study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm holds promise for development of a cost-effective PAI system using a low-cost linear transducer (${\sim}16$ elements against ${\sim}128$ generally used).

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Supplemental document

Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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	FWHM (in mm)		SNR (in dB)		PSL (in dB)
$Beamformer$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$
MV	1.99	3.12	17.82	13.52	$- 22.24$	$- 20.53$
$M V + C F$	1.2	1.46	22.80	19.24	$- 38.52$	$- 37.58$
$M V + D A S D S F$	0.32	0.34	45.52	41.33	$- 63.34$	$- 61.37$

	FWHM (in mm)		SNR (in dB)		PSL (in dB)
$Beamformer$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$
MV	1.47	1.27	19.62	24.62	$- 16.24$	$- 18.22$
$M V + C F$	1.44	0.92	20.89	25.42	$- 20.78$	$- 24.60$
$M V + D A S D S F$	1.24	0.58	23.97	31.45	$- 25.96$	$- 30.53$

	FWHM (in mm)		SNR (in dB)		PSL (in dB)
$Beamformer$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$
MV	1.99	3.12	17.82	13.52	$- 22.24$	$- 20.53$
$M V + C F$	1.2	1.46	22.80	19.24	$- 38.52$	$- 37.58$
$M V + D A S D S F$	0.32	0.34	45.52	41.33	$- 63.34$	$- 61.37$

	FWHM (in mm)		SNR (in dB)		PSL (in dB)
$Beamformer$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$	$T^{'}$	$T^{''}$
MV	1.47	1.27	19.62	24.62	$- 16.24$	$- 18.22$
$M V + C F$	1.44	0.92	20.89	25.42	$- 20.78$	$- 24.60$
$M V + D A S D S F$	1.24	0.58	23.97	31.45	$- 25.96$	$- 30.53$

Souradip Paul	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-6087
Anjali Thomas	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5061-5260
Mayanglambam Suheshkumar Singh	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1823-0846

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (4)

Tables (2)

Equations (10)

Optics Letters