Hollow-core fiber photothermal methane sensor with temperature compensation

Pengcheng Zhao; Pengcheng Zhao; Pengcheng Zhao; Hoi Lut Ho; Hoi Lut Ho; Wei Jin; Wei Jin; Wei Jin; Shangchun Fan; Shangchun Fan; Shangchun Fan; Shoufei Gao; Yingying Wang

doi:10.1364/OL.426812

Optics Letters
Vol. 46,
Issue 11,
pp. 2762-2765
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.426812

Hollow-core fiber photothermal methane sensor with temperature compensation

Pengcheng Zhao, Hoi Lut Ho, Wei Jin, Shangchun Fan, Shoufei Gao, and Yingying Wang

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Pengcheng Zhao, Hoi Lut Ho, Wei Jin, Shangchun Fan, Shoufei Gao, and Yingying Wang, "Hollow-core fiber photothermal methane sensor with temperature compensation," Opt. Lett. 46, 2762-2765 (2021)

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- Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 6, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: May 10, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: May 12, 2021
- Published: May 27, 2021

Abstract

We demonstrate a high sensitivity all-fiber spectroscopic methane sensor based on photothermal interferometry. With a 2.4-m-long anti-resonant hollow-core fiber, a 1654 nm distributed feedback laser, and a Raman fiber amplifier, a noise-equivalent concentration of ${\sim}{4.3}\;{\rm ppb}$ methane is achieved at the room temperature and pressure of ${\sim}{1}\;{\rm bar}$. The effects of temperature on the photothermal phase modulation as well as the stability of the interferometer are studied. By introducing a temperature-dependent compensation factor and stabilizing the interferometer at quadrature, signal instability of ${\sim}{2.1}\%$ is demonstrated for temperature variation from 296 to 373 K.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Variable $X$	Expression $X$ ( $T$ )	$\frac{ϕ_{i} (X (373 K))}{ϕ_{i} (X (296 K))}$
Thermo-optic coefficient of $N_{2} d n / d T$ ( $K^{- 1}$ ) [21]	$- \frac{μ P}{T^{2}}$	$\sim 63 %$
Thermal conductivity of $N_{2}$ $κ$ ( $m W m^{- 1} K^{- 1}$ ) [22]	$\begin{array}{l} \sqrt{T} (- 92.39 \frac{1}{T} + 1.647 \\ + 5.255 \times 10^{- 4} T) \end{array}$	$\sim 83 %$
Absorption coefficient of R(3) line of ${C H}_{4}$ $α_{v_{0}}$ ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ ) [23]	$\begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{π γ (T)} \cdot {PS}_{v_{0}} (T_{r e f}) \frac{T_{r e f}}{T} \frac{Q (T_{r e f})}{Q (T)} \\ \cdot [\frac{1 - e^{- \frac{v_{0}}{k_{B} T}}}{1 - e^{- \frac{v_{0}}{k_{B} T_{r e f}}}}] e^{- \frac{E^{''}}{k_{B}} (\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{T_{r e f}})} \end{array}$	$\sim 72 %$
$2 f$ coefficient $H_{2}$	${\frac{2}{m^{2}} [\frac{m^{2} + 2}{\sqrt{m^{2} + 1}} - 2] \|}_{m = 2.2 \frac{γ (T_{r e f})}{γ (T)}}$	$\sim 98 %$

Year	Method/Fiber	Integration Time	NEC	$N E A / {c m}^{- 1}$
[25]	WMS/0.8 m HC-PBF	10 s	1.4 ppm	$5.22 \times 10^{- 7}$
[26]	WMS/1.3 m Kagome	Not stated	4.1 ppm	$3.16 \times 10^{- 5}$
[6]	WMS/0.45 m HC-PBF	75 s	360 ppb	$1.34 \times 10^{- 7}$
[7]	DS/1.3 m Kagome	100 s	65 ppb	$5.01 \times 10^{- 7}$
[8]	DAS/1 m HCF	Not stated	17 ppb	$1.31 \times 10^{- 7}$
[9]	WMS/1 m AR-HCF	40 s	24 ppb	$1.85 \times 10^{- 7}$
This work	PTI/2.4 m AR-HCF	100 s	4.3 ppb	$1.60 \times 10^{- 9}$

Variable $X$	Expression $X$ ( $T$ )	$\frac{ϕ_{i} (X (373 K))}{ϕ_{i} (X (296 K))}$
Thermo-optic coefficient of $N_{2} d n / d T$ ( $K^{- 1}$ ) [21]	$- \frac{μ P}{T^{2}}$	$\sim 63 %$
Thermal conductivity of $N_{2}$ $κ$ ( $m W m^{- 1} K^{- 1}$ ) [22]	$\begin{array}{l} \sqrt{T} (- 92.39 \frac{1}{T} + 1.647 \\ + 5.255 \times 10^{- 4} T) \end{array}$	$\sim 83 %$
Absorption coefficient of R(3) line of ${C H}_{4}$ $α_{v_{0}}$ ( ${c m}^{- 1}$ ) [23]	$\begin{array}{l} \frac{1}{π γ (T)} \cdot {PS}_{v_{0}} (T_{r e f}) \frac{T_{r e f}}{T} \frac{Q (T_{r e f})}{Q (T)} \\ \cdot [\frac{1 - e^{- \frac{v_{0}}{k_{B} T}}}{1 - e^{- \frac{v_{0}}{k_{B} T_{r e f}}}}] e^{- \frac{E^{''}}{k_{B}} (\frac{1}{T} - \frac{1}{T_{r e f}})} \end{array}$	$\sim 72 %$
$2 f$ coefficient $H_{2}$	${\frac{2}{m^{2}} [\frac{m^{2} + 2}{\sqrt{m^{2} + 1}} - 2] \|}_{m = 2.2 \frac{γ (T_{r e f})}{γ (T)}}$	$\sim 98 %$

Year	Method/Fiber	Integration Time	NEC	$N E A / {c m}^{- 1}$
[25]	WMS/0.8 m HC-PBF	10 s	1.4 ppm	$5.22 \times 10^{- 7}$
[26]	WMS/1.3 m Kagome	Not stated	4.1 ppm	$3.16 \times 10^{- 5}$
[6]	WMS/0.45 m HC-PBF	75 s	360 ppb	$1.34 \times 10^{- 7}$
[7]	DS/1.3 m Kagome	100 s	65 ppb	$5.01 \times 10^{- 7}$
[8]	DAS/1 m HCF	Not stated	17 ppb	$1.31 \times 10^{- 7}$
[9]	WMS/1 m AR-HCF	40 s	24 ppb	$1.85 \times 10^{- 7}$
This work	PTI/2.4 m AR-HCF	100 s	4.3 ppb	$1.60 \times 10^{- 9}$

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Optics Letters