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Slow light enabled high-modulation-depth graphene modulator with plasmonic metasurfaces

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Abstract

Graphene has attracted the interest of researchers seeking to develop compact optical modulators with the flexible tunability of graphene conductivity by tuning the Fermi level. Plasmonic structures have provided a robust way to enhance the modulation depth (MD) of graphene optical modulators, but the available schemes suffer from low MD, fabrication complexities, or both. Here, an ultra-thin plasmonic metasurface structure capable of guiding slow surface plasmons (SPs) is proposed to construct graphene-based optical modulators. The designs take advantage of the strong field enhancement of slow SP modes as well as the orientation match between the electric field and the graphene plane. A typical 0.96-μm-long metasurface-based graphene modulator presents a significantly improved MD of 4.66 dB/μm and an acceptable insertion loss of 1.4 dB/μm, while still having ease of fabrication.

© 2019 Optical Society of America

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