Dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in layered WS<sub>2</sub> and WSe<sub>2</sub> semiconductor films induced by two-photon absorption

Ningning Dong; Yuanxin Li; Saifeng Zhang; Niall McEvoy; Xiaoyan Zhang; Yun Cui; Long Zhang; Georg S. Duesberg; Jun Wang

doi:10.1364/OL.41.003936

Optics Letters
Vol. 41,
Issue 17,
pp. 3936-3939
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.003936

Dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in layered WS₂ and WSe₂ semiconductor films induced by two-photon absorption

Ningning Dong, Yuanxin Li, Saifeng Zhang, Niall McEvoy, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yun Cui, Long Zhang, Georg S. Duesberg, and Jun Wang

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Ningning Dong, Yuanxin Li, Saifeng Zhang, Niall McEvoy, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yun Cui, Long Zhang, Georg S. Duesberg, and Jun Wang, "Dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in layered WS₂ and WSe₂ semiconductor films induced by two-photon absorption," Opt. Lett. 41, 3936-3939 (2016)

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Abstract

Both the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction properties of ${WS}_{2}$ and ${WSe}_{2}$ semiconductor films have been characterized by using Z-scan technique with femtosecond pulses at the wavelength of 1040 nm. It is found that these films have two-photon absorption response with the nonlinear absorption coefficient of $\sim 10^{3} cm {GW}^{- 1}$ , and a dispersion of nonlinear refractive index in the ${WS}_{2}$ films that translated from positive in the monolayer to negative in bulk materials.

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Metal	Nominal Thickness (nm)	Measured ${WS}_{2}$ Thickness (nm)	Measured ${WSe}_{2}$ Thickness (nm)
$W$	0.5	0.75	—
	5	18.8	5.5
	10	—	11.4
	20	57.9	25.1

Sample (nm)	$T_{0}$ (%)	$α_{0}$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$β_{eff}$ ( $cm {GW}^{- 1}$ )	$Im χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	${FOM}_{Im}$ (esu cm)	$n_{2}$ ( ${cm}^{2} W^{- 1}$ )	$Re χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	${FOM}_{Re}$ (esu cm)
${WS}_{2} - 0.75$	94.76	$7.17 \times 10^{5}$	$(3.07 \pm 1.31) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.49 \pm 0.6) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.48 \pm 0.5) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(1.28 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(4.82 \pm 0.12) \times 10^{- 9}$	$(6.72 \pm 0.17) \times 10^{- 15}$
${WS}_{2} - 18.8$	45	$4.247 \times 10^{5}$	$(2.16 \pm 0.08) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.05 \pm 0.06) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.47 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 8.55 \pm 0.63) \times 10^{- 12}$	$(- 3.21 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(7.56 \pm 0.57) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WS}_{2} - 57.9$	8.6	$4.237 \times 10^{5}$	$(1.81 \pm 0.08) \times 10^{3}$	$(8.82 \pm 0.40) \times 10^{- 9}$	$(2.08 \pm 0.09) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 3.36 \pm 0.27) \times 10^{- 12}$	$(- 1.26 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(2.97 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WSe}_{2} - 5.5$	49.5	$1.278 \times 10^{6}$	$(5.29 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{3}$	$(2.59 \pm 0.06) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.07 \pm 0.05) \times 10^{- 14}$	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.
${WSe}_{2} - 11.4$	27.7	$1.125 \times 10^{6}$	$(4.80 \pm 0.60) \times 10^{3}$	$(2.40 \pm 0.30) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.13 \pm 0.27) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 1.87 \pm 0.47) \times 10^{- 11}$	$(- 7.20 \pm 1.82) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(6.4 \pm 1.62) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WSe}_{2} - 25.1$	13.1	$8.074 \times 10^{5}$	$(2.14 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.07 \pm 0.01) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(1.33 \pm 0.02) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 1.71 \pm 0.32) \times 10^{- 11}$	$(- 6.58 \pm 1.22) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(8.15 \pm 1.51) \times 10^{- 16}$

Metal	Nominal Thickness (nm)	Measured ${WS}_{2}$ Thickness (nm)	Measured ${WSe}_{2}$ Thickness (nm)
$W$	0.5	0.75	—
	5	18.8	5.5
	10	—	11.4
	20	57.9	25.1

Sample (nm)	$T_{0}$ (%)	$α_{0}$ ( ${cm}^{- 1}$ )	$β_{eff}$ ( $cm {GW}^{- 1}$ )	$Im χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	${FOM}_{Im}$ (esu cm)	$n_{2}$ ( ${cm}^{2} W^{- 1}$ )	$Re χ^{(3)}$ (esu)	${FOM}_{Re}$ (esu cm)
${WS}_{2} - 0.75$	94.76	$7.17 \times 10^{5}$	$(3.07 \pm 1.31) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.49 \pm 0.6) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.48 \pm 0.5) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(1.28 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(4.82 \pm 0.12) \times 10^{- 9}$	$(6.72 \pm 0.17) \times 10^{- 15}$
${WS}_{2} - 18.8$	45	$4.247 \times 10^{5}$	$(2.16 \pm 0.08) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.05 \pm 0.06) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.47 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 8.55 \pm 0.63) \times 10^{- 12}$	$(- 3.21 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(7.56 \pm 0.57) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WS}_{2} - 57.9$	8.6	$4.237 \times 10^{5}$	$(1.81 \pm 0.08) \times 10^{3}$	$(8.82 \pm 0.40) \times 10^{- 9}$	$(2.08 \pm 0.09) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 3.36 \pm 0.27) \times 10^{- 12}$	$(- 1.26 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(2.97 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WSe}_{2} - 5.5$	49.5	$1.278 \times 10^{6}$	$(5.29 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{3}$	$(2.59 \pm 0.06) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.07 \pm 0.05) \times 10^{- 14}$	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.
${WSe}_{2} - 11.4$	27.7	$1.125 \times 10^{6}$	$(4.80 \pm 0.60) \times 10^{3}$	$(2.40 \pm 0.30) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(2.13 \pm 0.27) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 1.87 \pm 0.47) \times 10^{- 11}$	$(- 7.20 \pm 1.82) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(6.4 \pm 1.62) \times 10^{- 16}$
${WSe}_{2} - 25.1$	13.1	$8.074 \times 10^{5}$	$(2.14 \pm 0.03) \times 10^{3}$	$(1.07 \pm 0.01) \times 10^{- 8}$	$(1.33 \pm 0.02) \times 10^{- 14}$	$(- 1.71 \pm 0.32) \times 10^{- 11}$	$(- 6.58 \pm 1.22) \times 10^{- 10}$	$(8.15 \pm 1.51) \times 10^{- 16}$

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