Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and ultra-long exciton relaxation time of black phosphorus quantum dots

Runze Chen; Xin Zheng; Tian Jiang

doi:10.1364/OE.25.007507

Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and ultra-long exciton relaxation time of black phosphorus quantum dots

Runze Chen, Xin Zheng, and Tian Jiang

Optics Express
Vol. 25,
Issue 7,
pp. 7507-7519
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.007507

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Runze Chen, Xin Zheng, and Tian Jiang, "Broadband ultrafast nonlinear absorption and ultra-long exciton relaxation time of black phosphorus quantum dots," Opt. Express 25, 7507-7519 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Nonlinear Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Nanomaterials (160.4236)
- Nonlinear optics, materials (190.4400)
- Ultrafast nonlinear optics (190.7110)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: January 20, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: March 16, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: March 21, 2017
- Published: March 23, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) has recently attracted significant attention for its brilliant physical and chemical features. The remarkable strong light-matter interaction and tunable direct wide range band-gap make it an ideal candidate in various application regions, especially saturable absorbers. In this paper, ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs), a unique form of phosphorus nanostructures, with average size of 5.7 ± 0.8 nm are synthesized. Compared with BP nanosheets (BPNs) with similar thickness, the ultrafast nonlinear optical (NLO) absorption properties and excited carrier dynamics are investigated in wide spectra. Beyond the saturation absorption (SA), giant two photon absorption (TPA) is observed in BPQDs. BPQDs exhibit quite different excitation intensity and wavelength dependent nonlinear optical (NLO) response from BPNs, which is attributed to the quantum confinement and edge effects. The BPQDs show broadband photon-induced absorption (PIA) under the probe wavelength from 470 nm to 850 nm and a fast and a slow decay time are obtained as long as 92 ± 10 ps and 1100 ± 100 ps, respectively. The substantial independence for ultra-long time scales of pump intensity and temperature reveals that the carrier recombination mechanism may be attributed to a defect-assisted Auger capture process. These findings will help to develop optoelectronic and photonic devices operating in the infrared and visible wavelength region.

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[Crossref]
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2016 (9)

D. Mao, B. Du, D. Yang, S. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Zhang, X. She, H. Cheng, H. Zeng, and J. Zhao, “Nonlinear saturable absorption of liquid-exfoliated molybdenum/tungsten ditelluride nanosheets,” Small 12(11), 1489–1497 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Xu, Z. Wang, Z. Guo, H. Huang, Q. Xiao, H. Zhang, and X. Yu, “Solvothermal synthesis and ultrafast photonics of black phosphorus quantum dots,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(8), 1223–1229 (2016).
[Crossref]

K. Wang, B. M. Szydłowska, G. Wang, X. Zhang, J. J. Wang, J. J. Magan, L. Zhang, J. N. Coleman, J. Wang, and W. J. Blau, “Ultrafast nonlinear excitation dynamics of black phosphorus nanosheets from visible to mid-infrared,” ACS Nano 10(7), 6923–6932 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

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[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Yu, X. Zheng, K. Yin, X. Cheng, and T. Jiang, “Nanosecond passively Q-switched thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser based on black phosphorus nanoplatelets,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(2), 603–609 (2016).
[Crossref]

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X. Niu, Y. Li, H. Shu, and J. Wang, “Anomalous size dependence of optical properties in black phosphorus quantum dots,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 7(3), 370–375 (2016).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2015 (11)

A. A. Bui, A. B. Stilgoe, N. Khatibzadeh, T. A. Nieminen, M. W. Berns, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop, “Escape forces and trajectories in optical tweezers and their effect on calibration,” Opt. Express 23(19), 24317–24330 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. Yu, X. Zheng, K. Yin, X. Cheng, and T. Jiang, “Thulium/holmium-doped fiber laser passively mode locked by black phosphorus nanoplatelets-based saturable absorber,” Appl. Opt. 54(34), 10290–10294 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Zhang, N. Dong, N. McEvoy, M. O’Brien, S. Winters, N. C. Berner, C. Yim, Y. Li, X. Zhang, Z. Chen, L. Zhang, G. S. Duesberg, and J. Wang, “Direct observation of degenerate two-photon absorption and its saturation in WS2 and MoS2 monolayer and few-layer films,” ACS Nano 9(7), 7142–7150 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. He, D. He, Y. Wang, Q. Cui, M. Z. Bellus, H. Y. Chiu, and H. Zhao, “Exceptional and anisotropic transport properties of photocarriers in black phosphorus,” ACS Nano 9(6), 6436–6442 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Ge, C. Li, Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Qiu, Q. Wang, J. Liu, S. Jia, J. Feng, and D. Sun, “Dynamical evolution of anisotropic response in black phosphorus under ultrafast photoexcitation,” Nano Lett. 15(7), 4650–4656 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Y. Wang, G. Huang, H. Mu, S. Lin, J. Chen, S. Xiao, Q. Bao, and J. He, “Ultrafast recovery time and broadband saturable absorption properties of black phosphorus suspension,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 107(9), 091905 (2015).
[Crossref]

H. R. Mu, S. H. Lin, Z. C. Wang, S. Xiao, P. F. Li, Y. Chen, H. Zhang, H. F. Bao, S. P. Lau, C. X. Pan, D. Y. Fan, and Q. L. Bao, “Black phosphorus–polymer composites for pulsed lasers,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 3(10), 1447–1453 (2015).
[Crossref]

X. Zheng, R. Chen, G. Shi, J. Zhang, Z. Xu, X. Cheng, and T. Jiang, “Characterization of nonlinear properties of black phosphorus nanoplatelets with femtosecond pulsed Z-scan measurements,” Opt. Lett. 40(15), 3480–3483 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. B. Lu, L. L. Miao, Z. N. Guo, X. Qi, C. J. Zhao, H. Zhang, S. C. Wen, D. Y. Tang, and D. Y. Fan, “Broadband nonlinear optical response in multi-layer black phosphorus: an emerging infrared and mid-infrared optical material,” Opt. Express 23(9), 11183–11194 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

D. Hanlon, C. Backes, E. Doherty, C. S. Cucinotta, N. C. Berner, C. Boland, K. Lee, A. Harvey, P. Lynch, Z. Gholamvand, S. Zhang, K. Wang, G. Moynihan, A. Pokle, Q. M. Ramasse, N. McEvoy, W. J. Blau, J. Wang, G. Abellan, F. Hauke, A. Hirsch, S. Sanvito, D. D. O’Regan, G. S. Duesberg, V. Nicolosi, and J. N. Coleman, “Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics,” Nat. Commun. 6, 8563 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Z. Sun, H. Xie, S. Tang, X. F. Yu, Z. Guo, J. Shao, H. Zhang, H. Huang, H. Wang, and P. K. Chu, “Ultrasmall black phosphorus quantum dots: Synthesis and use as photothermal agents,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54(39), 11526–11530 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (4)

L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Black phosphorus field-effect transistors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372–377 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

H. O. H. Churchill and P. Jarillo-Herrero, “Two-dimensional crystals: Phosphorus joins the family,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 330–331 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J. Dai and X. C. Zeng, “Bilayer phosphorene: effect of stacking order on bandgap and its potential applications in thin-film solar cells,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(7), 1289–1293 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Kou, T. Frauenheim, and C. Chen, “Phosphorene as a superior gas sensor: Selective adsorption and distinct I–V response,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(15), 2675–2681 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (2)

K. Wang, J. Wang, J. Fan, M. Lotya, A. O’Neill, D. Fox, Y. Feng, X. Zhang, B. Jiang, Q. Zhao, H. Zhang, J. N. Coleman, L. Zhang, and W. J. Blau, “Ultrafast saturable absorption of two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets,” ACS Nano 7(10), 9260–9267 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

L. Britnell, R. M. Ribeiro, A. Eckmann, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, A. Mishchenko, Y. J. Kim, R. V. Gorbachev, T. Georgiou, S. V. Morozov, A. N. Grigorenko, A. K. Geim, C. Casiraghi, A. H. Castro Neto, and K. S. Novoselov, “Strong light-matter interactions in heterostructures of atomically thin films,” Science 340(6138), 1311–1314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2012 (1)

X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhang, “Graphene-based composites,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(2), 666–686 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (1)

K. A. Ritter, J. W. Lyding, F. Fossard, A. L. P. Heureux, N. Y.-W. Tang, P. L. Lévesque, A. Loiseau, R. Leonelli, S. Francoeur, and R. Martel, “The influence of edge structure on the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots and nanoribbons,” Nat. Mater. 8(3), 235–242 (2009).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2008 (1)

J. A. McGuire, J. Joo, J. M. Pietryga, R. D. Schaller, and V. I. Klimov, “New aspects of carrier multiplication in semiconductor nanocrystals,” Acc. Chem. Res. 41(12), 1810–1819 (2008).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2005 (1)

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, “Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene,” Nature 438(7065), 197–200 (2005).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1991 (1)

M. Baba, Y. Nakamura, K. Shibata, and A. Morita, “Photoconduction of black phosphorus in the infrared region,” J. Appl. Phys. 30(2), 1178 (1991).
[Crossref]

1990 (1)

M. Sheik-Bahae, A. A. Said, T. H. Wei, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. Van Stryland, “Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26(4), 760–769 (1990).
[Crossref]

1985 (1)

S. Schmitt-Rink, D. S. Chemla, and D. A. Miller, “Theory of transient excitonic optical nonlinearities in semiconductor quantum-well structures,” Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 32(10), 6601–6609 (1985).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

1980 (1)

D. J. Robbins and P. T. Landsberg, “Impact ionisation and auger recombination involving traps in semiconductors,” J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. 13(12), 2425–2439 (1980).
[Crossref]

1963 (1)

D. Warschauer, “Electrical and optical properties of crystalline black phosphorus,” J. Appl. Phys. 34(7), 1853–1860 (1963).
[Crossref]

1960 (1)

M. Lax, “Cascade capture of electrons in solids,” Phys. Rev. 119(5), 1502–1523 (1960).
[Crossref]

Abellan, G.

Akimov, A. V.

Baba, M.

M. Baba, Y. Nakamura, K. Shibata, and A. Morita, “Photoconduction of black phosphorus in the infrared region,” J. Appl. Phys. 30(2), 1178 (1991).
[Crossref]

Backes, C.

Bao, H. F.

Bao, Q.

Bao, Q. L.

Belle, B. D.

Bellus, M. Z.

Berner, N. C.

Berns, M. W.

Blau, W. J.

Boey, F.

X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhang, “Graphene-based composites,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(2), 666–686 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Boland, C.

Britnell, L.

Bui, A. A.

Casiraghi, C.

Castro Neto, A. H.

Chemla, D. S.

Chen, C.

L. Kou, T. Frauenheim, and C. Chen, “Phosphorene as a superior gas sensor: Selective adsorption and distinct I–V response,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(15), 2675–2681 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, J.

Chen, R.

Chen, X. H.

L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Black phosphorus field-effect transistors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372–377 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

Chen, Z.

Cheng, H.

Cheng, X.

K. Wei, X. Zheng, X. Cheng, C. Shen, and T. Jiang, “Observation of ultrafast exciton–exciton annihilation in CsPbBr3 quantum dots,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(12), 1993–1997 (2016).

Chiu, H. Y.

Chu, P. K.

Churchill, H. O. H.

H. O. H. Churchill and P. Jarillo-Herrero, “Two-dimensional crystals: Phosphorus joins the family,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 330–331 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Coleman, J. N.

Cucinotta, C. S.

Cui, Q.

Dai, J.

Doherty, E.

Dong, N.

Du, B.

Dubonos, S. V.

Duesberg, G. S.

Eckmann, A.

Fan, D. Y.

Fan, J.

Fang, W.

Feng, D.

L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Black phosphorus field-effect transistors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372–377 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Feng, J.

Feng, Y.

Firsov, A. A.

Fossard, F.

Fox, D.

Francoeur, S.

Frauenheim, T.

L. Kou, T. Frauenheim, and C. Chen, “Phosphorene as a superior gas sensor: Selective adsorption and distinct I–V response,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5(15), 2675–2681 (2014).
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K. Wei, X. Zheng, X. Cheng, C. Shen, and T. Jiang, “Observation of ultrafast exciton–exciton annihilation in CsPbBr3 quantum dots,” Adv. Opt. Mater. 4(12), 1993–1997 (2016).

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X. Huang, X. Qi, F. Boey, and H. Zhang, “Graphene-based composites,” Chem. Soc. Rev. 41(2), 666–686 (2012).
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IEEE J. Quantum Electron. (1)

J. Appl. Phys. (2)

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J. Phys. C Solid State Phys. (1)

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J. Phys. Chem. Lett. (4)

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L. Li, Y. Yu, G. J. Ye, Q. Ge, X. Ou, H. Wu, D. Feng, X. H. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Black phosphorus field-effect transistors,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(5), 372–377 (2014).
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Nature (1)

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Fig. 1 TEM of the (a) BPQDs and (b) BPNs. Insets are photographs of BPQDs and BPNs in glass vials, respectively. (c) AFM image of BPQDs. (d) Height profile of the red line marked in (c). (e) Statistical analysis of the height of 85 BPQDs determined by AFM. (f) Magnified TEM image. (g) Statistical analysis of the sizes of 100 BPQDs measured from TEM images (h) UV/Vis Absorbance spectrum of BPQDs prepared in this paper. Raman spectra of (i) BPQDs and (j) BPNs [15].

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Fig. 2 (a) OA Z-Scan results for BPQDs, Inset: the photograph of the laser spot at focus. The scatters are experimental data and the solid lines show theoretical fit generated by the theory of Z-scan. (b) NLO absorption coefficient under different excitation irradiance at 1160 nm of BPQDs. Inset: Schematic of TPA process in BPQDs.

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Fig. 3 Schematics of the single photon SA process of BPNs under the excitation of 1160 nm pulsed laser at (a) low excitation irradiance, (b) middle excitation irradiance, (c) high excitation energy and the schematics of TPA process of BPQDs under the excitation of 1160 nm pulsed laser at (d) low excitation irradiance, (e) middle excitation irradiance and (f) high excitation energy.

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Fig. 4 Z-Scan results of BPQDs at (a) 800nm, (b) 1300nm, (c) 1550nm and (d) 2μm pulsed laser under different excitation irradiances. The scatters are experimental data and the solid lines show theoretical fit.

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Fig. 5 (a) Differential absorption (ΔA/A₀) map of BPQDs as a function of both delay time and probe photon wavelength with a pump wavelength of 400 nm at average power of 500 μW (pump fluence = 160 μJ/cm²) and probe with the supercontinum white light at the temperature of 77 K. (b) Time evolution of the photon-induced differential absorption (ΔA/A₀) as a function of probe delay at wavelength of 545 nm, 601 nm, 657 nm and 716 nm. Inset: Max value of ΔA/A₀ as the function of probe photon wavelength, showing that ΔA/A₀ is strongest when the probe photon wavelength is ~546 nm (2.27 eV). (c) ΔA/A₀ measured with pump power from 200μW to 800μW (pump fluence from 64 to 256 μJ/cm²). The red arrow points out the pump power increasing direction. The inset shows a linear relation between the peak signal and the pump intensity. (d) Schematic of the photon-induced intraband absorption process of BPQDs in pump-probe experiments.

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Fig. 6 (a) Carrier lifetime of BPQDs (exciton recombination time) under different pump power at the temperature of 77K. Inset: ΔA/A₀ spectra of BPQDs under different temperature, showing a redshift of the spectra peak with the increasing temperature. (b) Carrier lifetime of BPQDs at different experimental temperature, where the pump power is 200

μ

W (pump fluence = 64 μJ/cm²). (c) shows three different temporal regions: (1) ΔA/A₀ reaches its positive maximum value within ~3 ps. (2) A fast decay of the positive ΔA/A₀ then occurs within ~100 ps. (3) Finally, a slow decay of the positive ΔA/A₀ lasts for more than 1000 ps. (d) Schematic of defect-assisted Auger carrier capture process in the two temporal regions: (1) After photoexcitation, the carriers thermalize and cool and form a correlated electron−hole plasma. (2) Most of the holes and the electrons are captured by the fast defects within 100 ps time scale. (3) After all the photoexcited holes have been captured and the electrons have filled the traps completely, the direct and indirect electron-hole radiative recombination process then domains and lasts more than 1000 ps.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Linear and NLO absorption coefficients of BPNs [15] and BPQDs Using Z-Scan Technique

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Equations (3)

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T_{o p e n} (z) = 1 - \frac{1}{2 \sqrt{2}} \frac{α_{N L} I_{0} L_{e f f}}{1 + {(z / z_{0})}^{2}}

E_{a b s} = 1.46 + 0.30 / r^{2} + 1.31 / r

Im χ^{3} = \frac{10^{- 7} c λ n^{2}}{96 π^{2}} α_{N L}

laser	sample	T [%]	α₀[ × 10⁴cm⁻¹]	NLOresponse	α_NL[ × 10⁻² cm/GW]	Imχ³[ × 10⁻⁹ esu]	FOM[ × 10⁻¹⁴ esu cm]
800 nm, 1kHz, 60fs	BPNs	76.17	9.07	SA	−2.88 ± 0.06	−6.57 ± 0.15	7.24 ± 0.17
800 nm, 1kHz, 60fs	BPQDs	69.81	12.1	SA	−7.78 ± 0.4	−17.7 ± 0.9	14.8 ± 0.8
1160 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPNs	72.22	10.85	SA	−2.90 ± 0.097	−9.59 ± 0.32	8.84 ± 0.3
1160 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPQDs	73.51	10.3	TPA	2.39 ± 0.2	7.93 ± 0.8	7.7 ± 0.84
1300 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPNs	72.73	10.61	SA	−2.25 ± 0.05	−8.36 ± 0.34	7.88 ± 0.32
1300 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPQDs	74.6	9.77	TPA	1.67 ± 0.04	6.19 ± 0.15	6.34 ± 0.15
1550 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPNs	74.29	9.91	SA	−2.76 ± 0.11	−12.1 ± 0.47	12.3 ± 0.48
1550 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPQDs	77.51	8.49	TPA	4.39 ± 0.15	19.4 ± 0.6	22.8 ± 0.78
2000 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPNs	74.5	9.81	TPA	2.34 ± 0.2	13.3 ± 0.67	13.59 ± 0.67
2000 nm, 1kHz, 65fs	BPQDs	76.25	9.04	TPA	3.74 ± 0.14	21.3 ± 0.79	23.6 ± 0.88