Thermophotovoltaics with spectral and angular selective doped-oxide thermal emitters

Enas Sakr; Peter Bermel

doi:10.1364/OE.25.00A880

Thermophotovoltaics with spectral and angular selective doped-oxide thermal emitters

Enas Sakr and Peter Bermel

Optics Express
Vol. 25,
Issue 20,
pp. A880-A895
(2017)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.00A880

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Enas Sakr and Peter Bermel, "Thermophotovoltaics with spectral and angular selective doped-oxide thermal emitters," Opt. Express 25, A880-A895 (2017)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Solar Energy
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Photovoltaic (040.5350)
- Gratings (050.2770)
- Thin films (240.0310)
- Thermal emission (290.6815)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 28, 2017
- Revised Manuscript: August 18, 2017
- Manuscript Accepted: August 18, 2017
- Published: August 29, 2017

Accessible

Open Access

Abstract

Deliberate control of thermal emission properties using nanophotonics has improved a number of applications including thermophotovoltaics (TPV), radiative cooling and infrared spectroscopy. In this work, we study the effect of simultaneous control of angular and spectral properties of thermal emitters on the efficiencies of TPV systems. While spectral selectivity reduces sub-bandgap losses, angular selectivity is expected to enhance view factors at larger separation distances and hence to provide flexibilities in cooling the photovoltaic converter. We propose a design of an angular and spectral selective thermal emitter based on waveguide perfect absorption phenomena in epsilon-near-zero thin-films. Aluminum-doped Zinc-Oxide is used as an epsilon-near-zero material with a cross-over frequency in the near-infrared. A high contrast grating is designed to restrict the emission in a range of angles around the normal direction, while an integrated filter ensures spectral selectivity to reduce sub-bandgap losses. Theoretical analysis shows an expected relative enhancement of the TPV system efficiency of at least 32% using selective emitters with ideal angular and spectral selectivity at large separation distances compared to a blackbody. This enhancement factor, however, reduces to 3.9% with non-ideal selective emitters. This big reduction of the efficiency is attributed to sub-bandgap losses, off-angular losses and high-temperature dependence of optical constants.

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2017 (3)

X. Sun, T. J. Silverman, Z. Zhou, M. R. Khan, P. Bermel, and M. A. Alam, “An Optics-Based Approach to Thermal Management of Photovoltaics: Selective-Spectral and Radiative Cooling,” IEEE J. Photovolt. 7(2), 566–574 (2017).
[Crossref]

H. Chung, Z. Zhou, and P. Bermel, “Collimated thermal radiation transfer via half Maxwell’s fish-eye lens for thermophotovoltaics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(20), 201111 (2017).
[Crossref]

E. Sakr and P. Bermel, “Angle-Selective Reflective Filters for Exclusion of Background Thermal Emission,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 7(4), 044020 (2017).
[Crossref]

2016 (6)

J. Kim, A. Dutta, G. V. Naik, A. J. Giles, F. J. Bezares, C. T. Ellis, J. G. Tischler, A. M. Mahmoud, H. Caglayan, O. J. Glembocki, A. V. Kildishev, J. D. Caldwell, A. Boltasseva, and N. Engheta, “Role of epsilon-near-zero substrates in the optical response of plasmonic antennas,” Optica 3(3), 339 (2016).
[Crossref]

Z. Zhou, X. Sun, and P. Bermel, “Radiative cooling for thermophotovoltaic systems,” Proc. SPIE 9973, 997308 (2016).

Z. Zhou, E. Sakr, Y. Sun, and P. Bermel, “Solar thermophotovoltaics: Reshaping the solar spectrum,” Nanophotonics 5(1), 1–21 (2016).
[Crossref]

E. Sakr, D. Dimonte, and P. Bermel, “Metasurfaces with Fano resonances for directionally selective thermal emission,” MRS Adv. 1(49), 3307–3316 (2016).

L. Zhao, S. Yang, B. Bhatia, E. Strobach, and E. N. Wang, “Modeling silica aerogel optical performance by determining its radiative properties,” AIP Adv. 6, 025123 (2016).

H. Reddy, U. Guler, A. V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, and V. M. Shalaev, “Temperature-dependent optical properties of gold thin films,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(9), 2776–2802 (2016).
[Crossref]

2015 (6)

V. W. Brar, M. C. Sherrott, L. Sweatlock, M. S. Jang, L. Kim, M. Choi, and H. Atwater, “Electronic modulation of infrared emissivity in graphene plasmonic resonators,” Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015).

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

M. Garín, D. Hernández, T. Trifonov, and R. Alcubilla, “Three-dimensional metallo-dielectric selective thermal emitters with high-temperature stability for thermophotovoltaic applications,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 134, 22–28 (2015).
[Crossref]

D. Costantini, A. Lefebvre, A.-L. Coutrot, I. Moldovan-Doyen, J.-P. Hugonin, S. Boutami, F. Marquier, H. Benisty, and J.-J. Greffet, “Plasmonic Metasurface for Directional and Frequency-Selective Thermal Emission,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 4(1), 014023 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Campione, I. Brener, and F. Marquier, “Theory of epsilon-near-zero modes in ultrathin films,” Phys. Rev. B – Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 91(12), 1–5 (2015).
[Crossref]

J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, and M. L. Brongersma, “Electrically tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metafilm absorbers,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15754 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2014 (6)

A. M. Mahmoud and N. Engheta, “Wave–matter interactions in epsilon-and-mu-near-zero structures,” Nat. Commun. 5, 5638 (2014).

A. Lenert, D. M. Bierman, Y. Nam, W. R. Chan, I. Celanović, M. Soljačić, and E. N. Wang, “A nanophotonic solar thermophotovoltaic device,” Nat. Nanotechnol. 9(2), 126–130 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

E. S. Sakr, Z. Zhou, and P. Bermel, “High efficiency rare-earth emitter for thermophotovoltaic applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(11), 111107 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. S. Luk, S. Campione, I. Kim, S. Feng, Y. C. Jun, S. Liu, J. B. Wright, I. Brener, P. B. Catrysse, S. Fan, and M. B. Sinclair, “Directional perfect absorption using deep subwavelength low-permittivity films,” Phys. Rev. B 90(8), 085411 (2014).
[Crossref]

T. Inoue, M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Realization of dynamic thermal emission control,” Nat. Mater. 13(10), 928–931 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2013 (7)

G. V. Naik, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Alternative Plasmonic Materials: Beyond Gold and Silver,” Adv. Mater. 25(24), 3264–3294 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

K. A. Arpin, M. D. Losego, A. N. Cloud, H. Ning, J. Mallek, N. P. Sergeant, L. Zhu, Z. Yu, B. Kalanyan, G. N. Parsons, G. S. Girolami, J. R. Abelson, S. Fan, and P. V. Braun, “Three-dimensional self-assembled photonic crystals with high temperature stability for thermal emission modification,” Nat. Commun. 4, 2630 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

B. Bitnar, W. Durisch, and R. Holzner, “Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications,” Appl. Energy 105, 430–438 (2013).
[Crossref]

W. R. Chan, P. Bermel, R. C. N. Pilawa-Podgurski, C. H. Marton, K. F. Jensen, J. J. Senkevich, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic, and I. Celanovic, “Toward high-energy-density, high-efficiency, and moderate-temperature chip-scale thermophotovoltaics,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110(14), 5309–5314 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. E. Babicheva, N. Kinsey, G. V. Naik, M. Ferrera, A. V. Lavrinenko, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Towards CMOS-compatible nanophotonics: Ultra-compact modulators using alternative plasmonic materials,” Opt. Express 21(22), 27326–27337 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

S. Vassant, I. Moldovan Doyen, F. Marquier, F. Pardo, U. Gennser, A. Cavanna, J. L. Pelouard, and J. J. Greffet, “Electrical modulation of emissivity,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 102(8), 1–4 (2013).
[Crossref]

R. Maas, J. Parsons, N. Engheta, and A. Polman, “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 907–912 (2013).
[Crossref]

2012 (4)

S. Vassant, J.-P. Hugonin, F. Marquier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Berreman mode and epsilon near zero mode,” Opt. Express 20(21), 23971–23977 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, K. Mochizuki, A. Oskooi, T. Inoue, and S. Noda, “Conversion of broadband to narrowband thermal emission through energy recycling,” Nat. Photonics 6(8), 535–539 (2012).
[Crossref]

C. Wu, B. Neuner, J. John, A. Milder, B. Zollars, S. Savoy, and G. Shvets, “Metamaterial-based integrated plasmonic absorber/emitter for solar thermo-photovoltaic systems,” J. Opt. 14(2), 024005 (2012).
[Crossref]

V. Liu and S. Fan, “S4 : A free electromagnetic solver for layered periodic structures,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 183(10), 2233–2244 (2012).
[Crossref]

2011 (1)

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090 (2011).
[Crossref]

2010 (4)

E. Feigenbaum, K. Diest, and H. A. Atwater, “Unity-order index change in transparent conducting oxides at visible frequencies,” Nano Lett. 10(6), 2111–2116 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

P. Bermel, M. Ghebrebrhan, W. Chan, Y. X. Yeng, M. Araghchini, R. Hamam, C. H. Marton, K. F. Jensen, M. Soljačić, J. D. Joannopoulos, S. G. Johnson, I. Celanovic, M. Soljacic, and I. Celanovic, “Design and global optimization of high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic systems,” Opt. Express 18(S3), A314–A334 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

W. M. Yang, S. K. Chou, J. F. Pan, J. Li, and X. Zhao, “Comparison of cylindrical and modular micro combustor radiators for micro-TPV system application,” J. Micromech. Microeng. 20(8), 85003 (2010).
[Crossref]

V. Karagodsky, F. G. Sedgwick, and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “Theoretical analysis of subwavelength high contrast grating reflectors,” Opt. Express 18(16), 16973–16988 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

2009 (2)

S. E. Han, “Theory of thermal emission from periodic structures,” Phys. Rev. B 80(15), 155108 (2009).
[Crossref]

P. Berini, “Long-range surface plasmon polaritons,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1(3), 484–588 (2009).
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2008 (2)

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
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B. Edwards, A. Alù, M. E. Young, M. Silveirinha, and N. Engheta, “Experimental Verification of Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterial Coupling and Energy Squeezing Using a Microwave Waveguide,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100(3), 033903 (2008).
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2007 (1)

A. Alù, M. G. Silveirinha, A. Salandrino, and N. Engheta, “Epsilon-near-zero metamaterials and electromagnetic sources: Tailoring the radiation phase pattern,” Phys. Rev. B 75(15), 155410 (2007).
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2005 (1)

M. Laroche, C. Arnold, F. Marquier, R. Carminati, J.-J. Greffet, S. Collin, N. Bardou, and J.-L. Pelouard, “Highly directional radiation generated by a tungsten thermal source,” Opt. Lett. 30(19), 2623–2625 (2005).
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2004 (1)

W. M. Yang, S. K. Chou, C. Shu, H. Xue, and Z. W. Li, “Development of a prototype micro-thermophotovoltaic power generator,” J. Phys. Appl. Phys. 37(7), 1017–1020 (2004).
[Crossref]

2003 (1)

L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, and H. X. Huang, “Thermophotovoltaic furnace–generator for the home using low bandgap GaSb cells,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18(5), S247–S253 (2003).
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2002 (1)

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
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1999 (1)

D. L. D. Chubb, A. T. A. Pal, M. M. O. Patton, and P. P. P. Jenkins, “Rare earth doped high temperature ceramic selective emitters,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(13-14), 2551–2562 (1999).
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1998 (1)

J. N. Winn, Y. Fink, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett. 23(20), 1573–1575 (1998).
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1995 (1)

W. J. Tropf, “Temperature-dependent refractive index models for BaF2, CaF2, MgF2, SrF2, LiF, NaF, KCl, ZnS, and ZnSe,” Opt. Eng. 34(5), 1369–1373 (1995).
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1993 (1)

P. J. Timans, “Emissivity of silicon at elevated temperatures,” J. Appl. Phys. 74(10), 6353–6364 (1993).
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1981 (1)

M. A. Green, “Solar cell fill factors: general graph and empirical expressions,” Solid-State Electron. 24(8), 788–789 (1981).
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1972 (2)

K. Ujihara, “Reflectivity of Metals at High Temperatures,” J. Appl. Phys. 43(5), 2376–2383 (1972).
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G. E. Guazzoni, “High-Temperature Spectral Emittance of Oxides of Erbium, Samarium, Neodymium and Ytterbium,” Appl. Spectrosc. 26(1), 60–65 (1972).
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1963 (1)

D. W. Berreman, “Infrared Absorption at Longitudinal Optic Frequency in Cubic Crystal Films,” Phys. Rev. 130(6), 2193–2198 (1963).
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1958 (1)

R. A. Ferrell, “Predicted Radiation of Plasma Oscillations in Metal Films,” Phys. Rev. 111(5), 1214–1222 (1958).
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A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
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Arnold, C.

Arpin, K. A.

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T. Inoue, M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Realization of dynamic thermal emission control,” Nat. Mater. 13(10), 928–931 (2014).
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W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
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Atwater, H. A.

E. Feigenbaum, K. Diest, and H. A. Atwater, “Unity-order index change in transparent conducting oxides at visible frequencies,” Nano Lett. 10(6), 2111–2116 (2010).
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Avery, J. E.

L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, and H. X. Huang, “Thermophotovoltaic furnace–generator for the home using low bandgap GaSb cells,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18(5), S247–S253 (2003).
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Babicheva, V. E.

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Benisty, H.

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P. Berini, “Long-range surface plasmon polaritons,” Adv. Opt. Photonics 1(3), 484–588 (2009).
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Bermel, P.

E. Sakr and P. Bermel, “Angle-Selective Reflective Filters for Exclusion of Background Thermal Emission,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 7(4), 044020 (2017).
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H. Chung, Z. Zhou, and P. Bermel, “Collimated thermal radiation transfer via half Maxwell’s fish-eye lens for thermophotovoltaics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(20), 201111 (2017).
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Z. Zhou, X. Sun, and P. Bermel, “Radiative cooling for thermophotovoltaic systems,” Proc. SPIE 9973, 997308 (2016).

Z. Zhou, E. Sakr, Y. Sun, and P. Bermel, “Solar thermophotovoltaics: Reshaping the solar spectrum,” Nanophotonics 5(1), 1–21 (2016).
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E. Sakr, D. Dimonte, and P. Bermel, “Metasurfaces with Fano resonances for directionally selective thermal emission,” MRS Adv. 1(49), 3307–3316 (2016).

E. S. Sakr, Z. Zhou, and P. Bermel, “High efficiency rare-earth emitter for thermophotovoltaic applications,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 105(11), 111107 (2014).
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P. Bermel, W. Chan, Y. X. Yeng, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Soljacic, and I. Celanovic, “Design and global optimization of high-efficiency thermophotovoltaic systems,” in TPV9:Ninth World Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity (2010).
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Berreman, D. W.

D. W. Berreman, “Infrared Absorption at Longitudinal Optic Frequency in Cubic Crystal Films,” Phys. Rev. 130(6), 2193–2198 (1963).
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Bezares, F. J.

Bhatia, B.

L. Zhao, S. Yang, B. Bhatia, E. Strobach, and E. N. Wang, “Modeling silica aerogel optical performance by determining its radiative properties,” AIP Adv. 6, 025123 (2016).

Biener, G.

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
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Bierman, D. M.

Bitnar, B.

B. Bitnar, W. Durisch, and R. Holzner, “Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications,” Appl. Energy 105, 430–438 (2013).
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Boltasseva, A.

H. Reddy, U. Guler, A. V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, and V. M. Shalaev, “Temperature-dependent optical properties of gold thin films,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(9), 2776–2802 (2016).
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G. V. Naik, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Alternative Plasmonic Materials: Beyond Gold and Silver,” Adv. Mater. 25(24), 3264–3294 (2013).
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G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090 (2011).
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Boutami, S.

Brar, V. W.

Braun, P. V.

Brener, I.

S. Campione, I. Brener, and F. Marquier, “Theory of epsilon-near-zero modes in ultrathin films,” Phys. Rev. B – Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 91(12), 1–5 (2015).
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Brongersma, M. L.

J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, and M. L. Brongersma, “Electrically tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metafilm absorbers,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15754 (2015).
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Caglayan, H.

Caldwell, J. D.

Campione, S.

S. Campione, I. Brener, and F. Marquier, “Theory of epsilon-near-zero modes in ultrathin films,” Phys. Rev. B – Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 91(12), 1–5 (2015).
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Carminati, R.

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
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Catrysse, P. B.

Cavanna, A.

Celanovic, I.

Chan, W.

Chan, W. R.

Chang-Hasnain, C. J.

V. Karagodsky, F. G. Sedgwick, and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “Theoretical analysis of subwavelength high contrast grating reflectors,” Opt. Express 18(16), 16973–16988 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Chen, Y.

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Choi, M.

Chou, S. K.

W. M. Yang, S. K. Chou, C. Shu, H. Xue, and Z. W. Li, “Development of a prototype micro-thermophotovoltaic power generator,” J. Phys. Appl. Phys. 37(7), 1017–1020 (2004).
[Crossref]

Chubb, D. L. D.

D. L. D. Chubb, A. T. A. Pal, M. M. O. Patton, and P. P. P. Jenkins, “Rare earth doped high temperature ceramic selective emitters,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(13-14), 2551–2562 (1999).
[Crossref]

Chung, H.

H. Chung, Z. Zhou, and P. Bermel, “Collimated thermal radiation transfer via half Maxwell’s fish-eye lens for thermophotovoltaics,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110(20), 201111 (2017).
[Crossref]

Cloud, A. N.

Collin, S.

Cortes, C. L.

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

Costantini, D.

Coutrot, A.-L.

Dahan, N.

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
[Crossref]

De Zoysa, M.

T. Inoue, M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Realization of dynamic thermal emission control,” Nat. Mater. 13(10), 928–931 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

DeCorby, R. G.

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

Diest, K.

E. Feigenbaum, K. Diest, and H. A. Atwater, “Unity-order index change in transparent conducting oxides at visible frequencies,” Nano Lett. 10(6), 2111–2116 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Dimonte, D.

E. Sakr, D. Dimonte, and P. Bermel, “Metasurfaces with Fano resonances for directionally selective thermal emission,” MRS Adv. 1(49), 3307–3316 (2016).

Durisch, W.

B. Bitnar, W. Durisch, and R. Holzner, “Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications,” Appl. Energy 105, 430–438 (2013).
[Crossref]

Dutta, A.

Edwards, B.

Ellis, C. T.

Engheta, N.

A. M. Mahmoud and N. Engheta, “Wave–matter interactions in epsilon-and-mu-near-zero structures,” Nat. Commun. 5, 5638 (2014).

R. Maas, J. Parsons, N. Engheta, and A. Polman, “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 907–912 (2013).
[Crossref]

Fan, S.

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

V. Liu and S. Fan, “S4 : A free electromagnetic solver for layered periodic structures,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 183(10), 2233–2244 (2012).
[Crossref]

J. N. Winn, Y. Fink, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett. 23(20), 1573–1575 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Feigenbaum, E.

E. Feigenbaum, K. Diest, and H. A. Atwater, “Unity-order index change in transparent conducting oxides at visible frequencies,” Nano Lett. 10(6), 2111–2116 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Feng, S.

Ferrell, R. A.

R. A. Ferrell, “Predicted Radiation of Plasma Oscillations in Metal Films,” Phys. Rev. 111(5), 1214–1222 (1958).
[Crossref]

Ferrera, M.

Fink, Y.

J. N. Winn, Y. Fink, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett. 23(20), 1573–1575 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Fraas, L. M.

L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, and H. X. Huang, “Thermophotovoltaic furnace–generator for the home using low bandgap GaSb cells,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18(5), S247–S253 (2003).
[Crossref]

Garín, M.

Gennser, U.

Ghebrebrhan, M.

Giles, A. J.

Girolami, G. S.

Glembocki, O. J.

Green, M. A.

M. A. Green, “Solar cell fill factors: general graph and empirical expressions,” Solid-State Electron. 24(8), 788–789 (1981).
[Crossref]

Greffet, J. J.

Greffet, J.-J.

S. Vassant, J.-P. Hugonin, F. Marquier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Berreman mode and epsilon near zero mode,” Opt. Express 20(21), 23971–23977 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Guazzoni, G. E.

G. E. Guazzoni, “High-Temperature Spectral Emittance of Oxides of Erbium, Samarium, Neodymium and Ytterbium,” Appl. Spectrosc. 26(1), 60–65 (1972).
[Crossref]

Guler, U.

H. Reddy, U. Guler, A. V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, and V. M. Shalaev, “Temperature-dependent optical properties of gold thin films,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(9), 2776–2802 (2016).
[Crossref]

Hamam, R.

Han, S. E.

S. E. Han, “Theory of thermal emission from periodic structures,” Phys. Rev. B 80(15), 155108 (2009).
[Crossref]

Hasman, E.

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hernández, D.

Holzner, R.

B. Bitnar, W. Durisch, and R. Holzner, “Thermophotovoltaics on the move to applications,” Appl. Energy 105, 430–438 (2013).
[Crossref]

Huang, H. X.

L. M. Fraas, J. E. Avery, and H. X. Huang, “Thermophotovoltaic furnace–generator for the home using low bandgap GaSb cells,” Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18(5), S247–S253 (2003).
[Crossref]

Hugonin, J.-P.

S. Vassant, J.-P. Hugonin, F. Marquier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Berreman mode and epsilon near zero mode,” Opt. Express 20(21), 23971–23977 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Inoue, T.

T. Inoue, M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Realization of dynamic thermal emission control,” Nat. Mater. 13(10), 928–931 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jacob, Z.

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

Jang, M. S.

Jenkins, P. P. P.

D. L. D. Chubb, A. T. A. Pal, M. M. O. Patton, and P. P. P. Jenkins, “Rare earth doped high temperature ceramic selective emitters,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(13-14), 2551–2562 (1999).
[Crossref]

Jensen, K. F.

Joannopoulos, J. D.

J. N. Winn, Y. Fink, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, “Omnidirectional reflection from a one-dimensional photonic crystal,” Opt. Lett. 23(20), 1573–1575 (1998).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

John, J.

Johnson, S. G.

Joulain, K.

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Jun, Y. C.

Kalanyan, B.

Kang, J.-H.

J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, and M. L. Brongersma, “Electrically tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metafilm absorbers,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15754 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Karagodsky, V.

V. Karagodsky, F. G. Sedgwick, and C. J. Chang-Hasnain, “Theoretical analysis of subwavelength high contrast grating reflectors,” Opt. Express 18(16), 16973–16988 (2010).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Khan, M. R.

Kildishev, A. V.

H. Reddy, U. Guler, A. V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, and V. M. Shalaev, “Temperature-dependent optical properties of gold thin films,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(9), 2776–2802 (2016).
[Crossref]

Kim, I.

Kim, J.

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090 (2011).
[Crossref]

Kim, L.

Kinsey, N.

Kleiner, V.

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
[Crossref]

Laroche, M.

Lavrinenko, A. V.

Lefebvre, A.

Lenert, A.

Li, J.

Li, Z. W.

W. M. Yang, S. K. Chou, C. Shu, H. Xue, and Z. W. Li, “Development of a prototype micro-thermophotovoltaic power generator,” J. Phys. Appl. Phys. 37(7), 1017–1020 (2004).
[Crossref]

Liu, S.

Liu, V.

V. Liu and S. Fan, “S4 : A free electromagnetic solver for layered periodic structures,” Comput. Phys. Commun. 183(10), 2233–2244 (2012).
[Crossref]

Liu, X.

J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, and M. L. Brongersma, “Electrically tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metafilm absorbers,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15754 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Losego, M. D.

Luk, T. S.

Maas, R.

R. Maas, J. Parsons, N. Engheta, and A. Polman, “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 907–912 (2013).
[Crossref]

Mahmoud, A. M.

A. M. Mahmoud and N. Engheta, “Wave–matter interactions in epsilon-and-mu-near-zero structures,” Nat. Commun. 5, 5638 (2014).

Mainguy, S.

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Mallek, J.

Marquier, F.

S. Campione, I. Brener, and F. Marquier, “Theory of epsilon-near-zero modes in ultrathin films,” Phys. Rev. B – Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 91(12), 1–5 (2015).
[Crossref]

S. Vassant, J.-P. Hugonin, F. Marquier, and J.-J. Greffet, “Berreman mode and epsilon near zero mode,” Opt. Express 20(21), 23971–23977 (2012).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Marton, C. H.

Milder, A.

Mochizuki, K.

Moldovan Doyen, I.

Moldovan-Doyen, I.

Mulet, J.-P.

J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, and Y. Chen, “Coherent emission of light by thermal sources,” Nature 416(6876), 61–64 (2002).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Naik, G. V.

G. V. Naik, V. M. Shalaev, and A. Boltasseva, “Alternative Plasmonic Materials: Beyond Gold and Silver,” Adv. Mater. 25(24), 3264–3294 (2013).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

G. V. Naik, J. Kim, and A. Boltasseva, “Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range [Invited],” Opt. Mater. Express 1(6), 1090 (2011).
[Crossref]

Nam, Y.

Neuner, B.

Newman, W. D.

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

Ning, H.

Niv, A.

G. Biener, N. Dahan, A. Niv, V. Kleiner, and E. Hasman, “Highly coherent thermal emission obtained by plasmonic bandgap structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 92(8), 081913 (2008).
[Crossref]

Noda, S.

T. Inoue, M. De Zoysa, T. Asano, and S. Noda, “Realization of dynamic thermal emission control,” Nat. Mater. 13(10), 928–931 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Oskooi, A.

Pal, A. T. A.

D. L. D. Chubb, A. T. A. Pal, M. M. O. Patton, and P. P. P. Jenkins, “Rare earth doped high temperature ceramic selective emitters,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(13-14), 2551–2562 (1999).
[Crossref]

Pan, J. F.

Pardo, F.

Park, J.

J. Park, J.-H. Kang, X. Liu, and M. L. Brongersma, “Electrically tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metafilm absorbers,” Sci. Rep. 5(1), 15754 (2015).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Parsons, G. N.

Parsons, J.

R. Maas, J. Parsons, N. Engheta, and A. Polman, “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 907–912 (2013).
[Crossref]

Patton, M. M. O.

D. L. D. Chubb, A. T. A. Pal, M. M. O. Patton, and P. P. P. Jenkins, “Rare earth doped high temperature ceramic selective emitters,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19(13-14), 2551–2562 (1999).
[Crossref]

Pelouard, J. L.

Pelouard, J.-L.

Pilawa-Podgurski, R. C. N.

Polman, A.

R. Maas, J. Parsons, N. Engheta, and A. Polman, “Experimental realization of an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at visible wavelengths,” Nat. Photonics 7(11), 907–912 (2013).
[Crossref]

Pramanik, S.

W. D. Newman, C. L. Cortes, J. Atkinson, S. Pramanik, R. G. DeCorby, and Z. Jacob, “Ferrell–Berreman Modes in Plasmonic Epsilon-near-Zero Media,” ACS Photonics 2(1), 2–7 (2015).
[Crossref]

Raman, A. P.

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Reddy, H.

H. Reddy, U. Guler, A. V. Kildishev, A. Boltasseva, and V. M. Shalaev, “Temperature-dependent optical properties of gold thin films,” Opt. Mater. Express 6(9), 2776–2802 (2016).
[Crossref]

Rephaeli, E.

A. P. Raman, M. A. Anoma, L. Zhu, E. Rephaeli, and S. Fan, “Passive radiative cooling below ambient air temperature under direct sunlight,” Nature 515(7528), 540–544 (2014).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Sakr, E.

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Fig. 1 A TPV system with a directional and frequency-selective thermal emitter placed on an arbitrary distance from the PV converter. The selectivity of the emitter maintains high thermal-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency at larger separation distances.

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Fig. 2 The structure of an angular and spectral selective thermal emitter, based on thin-film doped-oxides. The bottom structure is an ENZ thin film material on a metallic reflector, and a 2D high contrast grating on top for coupling. The top structure is a 1D dielectric stack of alternating high- and low-index materials n_H and n_L.

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Fig. 3 Emissivity of the bottom structure in Fig. 2 (without the filter), as a function of the incident angle and the normalized frequency. Parameters used are a_x = a_y = a, w_x = w_y = w = 0.543a, t_g = 0.1a, t_ENZ = 0.05a, and a = 900 nm. The ENZ thin-film is made of AZO, and the bottom metal is Ta. Perfect absorption modes, Ferrell-Berreman modes, and ENZ modes are all observed.. The dashed line represents the grating light line

θ_{c} = asin (1 - λ / a) .

The fully transparent window (f = 0.7-0.9 c/a) shows the desired emission spectrum selected by the top filter in Fig. 2.

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Fig. 4 Electric field profiles of E_x, E_y and E_z showing enhanced fields inside the AZO thin film, resulting in nearly perfect absorption. Plots are taken at different points labeled in Fig. 3: (a) Perfect absorption mode due to coupling to a waveguide mode. (b) Absorption caused by excitation of Ferrell-Berreman mode coupled above the grating light line. (c) Absorption caused by ENZ mode excitation in the thin film with decaying field profiles inside the grating.

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Fig. 5 The emissivity function of the full emitter structure in Fig. 2. The selected ENZ material is AZO of thickness t_ENZ = 0.03a, with optical parameters retrieved from [55] with a Tantalum back reflector and a Si grating. The filter is design as A(0.5L)(HL)⁸(0.5L)A, with n_H = 3.6, n_L = 1.37, and d_L/d_H = 0.8/1.6. The separation gap is t_gap = 4a, with a = 900 nm. A selective emission of angular half-width of 18° around f = 0.78c/a is evident.

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Fig. 6 Temperature dependence of the optical constants of AZO at high temperatures. Drude- model is used to construct this figure, with parameters retrieved from Table. 1 and applying (6), (7) and (8).

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Fig. 7 The change of emissivity function at high temperatures ((b) T = 873 K, and (c) T = 1573 K) compared to room temperature ((a) T = 300 K) parameters. The change of the optical parameters with temperature causes an increase in the parasitic spectral and off-directional radiation, increasing losses of view factor at higher temperatures.

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Fig. 8 (a) The computed TPV efficiency as a function of the TPV diode bandgap. The separation distance between the emitter and the receiver is set to D = 1.5l₁ = 1.5l₂. The figure shows a maximum TPV efficiency of 11.66% at a PV bandgap of 0.92 eV. (b), (c) Plots of the TPV efficiency dependence with distance D: (b) using an ideal spectral and angular selective emitter, with zero sub-bandgap losses and zero off-directional losses: The highest efficiencies can be extracted from an emitter with ideal spectral and angular selectivity, and (c) using the designed selective emitter with different temperature optical parameters.

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Tables (1)

Table 1 Drude-Lorentz Parameters of Ta and AZO at 300 K (eV)

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Equations (8)

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η = V_{O C} I_{S C} F F / P_{e m},

ϕ_{r} (λ) = \int_{x_{1} = - l_{1} / 2}^{l_{1} / 2} d x_{1} \int_{x_{2} = - l_{2} / 2}^{l_{2} / 2} d x_{2} ε^{p s} (λ, x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{D^{2}}{2 {(D^{2} + x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} - 2 x_{1} x_{2})}^{3 / 2}},

I_{S C} = A_{d} \int_{0}^{λ_{g}} d λ \frac{2 q c}{λ^{4}} \frac{ϕ_{r} (λ) E Q E (λ)}{\exp (h c / λ k T_{e}) - 1},

P_{e m} = A_{e m} \int_{0}^{\infty} d λ \frac{2 h c^{2}}{λ^{5}} \frac{ϕ_{e m} (λ)}{\exp (h c / λ k T_{e}) - 1},

ϕ_{e m} (λ) = \int_{x_{1} = - l_{1} / 2}^{l_{1} / 2} d x_{1} \int_{x_{2} = - \infty}^{\infty} d x_{2} ε^{p s} (λ, x_{1}, x_{2}) \frac{D^{2}}{2 {(D^{2} + x_{1}^{2} + x_{2}^{2} - 2 x_{1} x_{2})}^{3 / 2}} .

ε (ω, T) = ε_{\infty} - \frac{ω_{p}^{2} (T)}{ω^{2} - i ω Γ (T)} + \sum_{n = 1}^{N} \frac{ω_{p n}^{2}}{ω_{T n}^{2} - ω^{2} - i ω Γ_{T n} (T)},

ω_{p} (T) = \frac{ω_{p} (T_{0})}{1 + α (T - T_{0})},

Γ (T) = Γ (T_{0}) \cdot {(\frac{T}{T_{0}})}^{β},

Material	Ta			AZO^a
Drude parameters	$ε_{\infty}$	$ω_{p}$	$Γ$	$ε_{\infty}$	$ω_{p}$	$Γ$
	1	7.34153	0.06387	3.5402	1.7473	0.04486
Lorentz parameters	$ω_{p 1}$	$ω_{T 1}$	$Γ_{T 1}$
	22.465	5.91157	11.913