Abstract

A BOTDA with the capacity of break interrogation is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In our configuration, coherent detection and double sideband probe method are employed to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to effectively reduce nonlocal effects, respectively. Without amplification, a 72 km sensing range with 5-meter resolution and an estimated temperature uncertainty of 1.8 °C are obtained. Benefiting from the flexible optical configuration, this sensor system has the capacity of break interrogation as a coherent optical time domain reflectometry (COTDR) if there is a break in the fiber under test (FUT). The sensor achieves a dynamic range of 36 dB with a 100 m spatial resolution, which offers an excellent solution for the requisite of two-end-access in BOTDA, and significantly enhances the robustness of the sensing system.

©2013 Optical Society of America

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References

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    [Crossref]
  8. A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
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    [Crossref] [PubMed]
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    [Crossref]
  18. R. Bernini, A. Minardo, and L. Zeni, “Long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors by use of an unbalanced double sideband probe,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23845–23856 (2011).
    [Crossref] [PubMed]
  19. J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
    [Crossref]
  20. H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
    [Crossref]

2012 (1)

2011 (6)

2010 (3)

2009 (1)

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, and L. Zeni, “A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(6), 633–634 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (1)

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

2006 (1)

2005 (1)

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

2004 (1)

1995 (1)

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

1993 (2)

1992 (1)

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

1987 (1)

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Alcón-Camas, M.

Ania-Castañon, J. D.

Ania-Castañón, J. D.

Bao, X.

Bernini, R.

R. Bernini, A. Minardo, and L. Zeni, “Long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors by use of an unbalanced double sideband probe,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23845–23856 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, and L. Zeni, “A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(6), 633–634 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

Bolognini, G.

Briffod, F.

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

Brown, A. W.

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

Carrasco-Sanz, A.

Chaube, P.

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chen, L.

Cho, S. B.

Colpitts, B. G.

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

Corredera, P.

Cui, Q.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Di Pasquale, F.

Dong, Y.

Epworth, R. E.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Furukawa, S.

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

González-Herraez, M.

González-Herráez, M.

Herr, D.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Horiguchi, T.

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

Izumita, H.

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

Jackson, D. A.

Jagannathan, D.

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kalosha, V. P.

King, J. P.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Koyamada, Y.

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

Kurashima, T.

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

Kwon, I. B.

Lee, J. J.

Lin, A.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Loayssa, A.

Martín-Lopez, S.

Martín-López, S.

Minardo, A.

R. Bernini, A. Minardo, and L. Zeni, “Long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors by use of an unbalanced double sideband probe,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23845–23856 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, and L. Zeni, “A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(6), 633–634 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

Pamukcu, S.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Pervizpour, M.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Ponomarev, E. A.

Richards, K.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Rodríguez, F.

Rodríguez-Barrios, F.

Sagues, M.

Sankawa, I.

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

Shimizu, K.

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

Smith, D. F.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Soto, M. A.

Tateda, M.

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

Thévenaz, L.

Timson, P.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Toulouse, J.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Webb, D. J.

Wright, S.

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

Xiao, W.

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

Zeni, L.

R. Bernini, A. Minardo, and L. Zeni, “Long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors by use of an unbalanced double sideband probe,” Opt. Express 19(24), 23845–23856 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, and L. Zeni, “A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(6), 633–634 (2009).
[Crossref]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

Zornoza, A.

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (1)

H. Izumita, S. Furukawa, Y. Koyamada, and I. Sankawa, “Fading noise reduction in coherent OTDR,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 4(2), 201–203 (1992).
[Crossref]

IEEE Sens. J. (3)

P. Chaube, B. G. Colpitts, D. Jagannathan, and A. W. Brown, “Distributed fiber-optic sensor for dynamic strain measurement,” IEEE Sens. J. 8(7), 1067–1072 (2008).
[Crossref]

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, and L. Zeni, “A simple technique for reducing pump depletion in long-range distributed Brillouin fiber sensors,” IEEE Sens. J. 9(6), 633–634 (2009).
[Crossref]

Q. Cui, S. Pamukcu, A. Lin, W. Xiao, D. Herr, J. Toulouse, and M. Pervizpour, “Distributed temperature sensing system based on Rayleigh scattering BOTDA,” IEEE Sens. J. 11(2), 399–403 (2011).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (4)

J. P. King, D. F. Smith, K. Richards, P. Timson, R. E. Epworth, and S. Wright, “Development of a coherent OTDR instrument,” J. Lightwave Technol. 5(4), 616–624 (1987).
[Crossref]

F. Rodríguez-Barrios, S. Martín-López, A. Carrasco-Sanz, P. Corredera, J. D. Ania-Castañón, L. Thévenaz, and M. González-Herráez, “Distributed Brillouin Fiber Sensor Assisted by First-Order Raman Amplification,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28(15), 2162–2172 (2010).
[Crossref]

A. Zornoza, M. Sagues, and A. Loayssa, “Self-heterodyne detection for SNR improvement and distributed phase-shift measurements in BOTDA,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30(8), 1066–1072 (2012).
[Crossref]

T. Horiguchi, K. Shimizu, T. Kurashima, M. Tateda, and Y. Koyamada, “Development of a distributed sensing technique using Brillouin scattering,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13(7), 1296–1302 (1995).
[Crossref]

Meas. Sci. Technol. (1)

A. Minardo, R. Bernini, L. Zeni, L. Thévenaz, and F. Briffod, “A reconstruction technique for long-range stimulated Brillouin Scattering distributed fiber-optic sensors: experimental results,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 16(4), 900–908 (2005).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (5)

Opt. Lett. (5)

Sensors (Basel) (1)

X. Bao and L. Chen, “Recent progress in Brillouin scattering based fiber sensors,” Sensors (Basel) 11(4), 4152–4187 (2011).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

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Figures (6)

Fig. 1
Fig. 1 The experiment setup of BOTDA with break interrogation based on coherent detection. PMC: polarization-maintaining coupler, EOM: electro-optic modulator, PS: polarization scrambler, EDFA: Erbium-doped fiber amplifier, ISO: optical isolator FUT: fiber under test, OLO: optical local oscillator, ESA: electrical spectrum analyzer, AOM: acousto-optic modulator, PD: photodetector.

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Fig. 2
Fig. 2 Energy transfer mechanism between pump and probe light (a) and the frequencies of beat signals (b).

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Fig. 3
Fig. 3 The BOTDA trace at f = 10.875GHz (a) and the obtained BGS at 10km, 54km, 72.50km (b).

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Fig. 4
Fig. 4 The measured Brillouin frequency shift versus the fiber length.

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Fig. 5
Fig. 5 The three-dimensional BGS (a) at the range of 60-72.5 km and the BFS versus distance near the end of FUT(b).

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Fig. 6
Fig. 6 COTDR measurement result for the links of 72 km with 1μs pulse, corresponding to 100m spatial resolution.

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Equations (3)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

i det (t)=2R P L P p (1+ g SBS ( v s ,z)) 2 ×cos(2π f IF t+Δϕ)​
f IF =f+80MHz
f IF =f−80MHz

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