High-density channel alignment of graded index core polymer optical waveguide and its crosstalk analysis with ray tracing method

Hsiang-Han Hsu; Takaaki Ishigure

doi:10.1364/OE.18.013368

Abstract

We fabricate graded index (GI) multi-channel polymer optical waveguides comprised of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA)-poly benzyl methacrylate copolymer for the purpose of achieving high thermal stability in the GI profiles. The waveguides obtained show slightly higher propagation loss (0.033 dB/cm at 850 nm) than doped PMMA based GI-core polymer waveguides we have reported, due to the excess scattering loss inherent to the mixture of copolymer and homo-polymer in the core area. In this paper, we focus on the influence of the excess scattering loss on mode conversion and inter-channel crosstalk. We simulate the behavior of light propagating inside the core with and without the scattering effect. Using the simulation, the excess loss experimentally observed in the copolymer-core waveguide is successfully reproduced, and then, we find that the excess scattering loss of 0.008 dB/cm could increase the inter-channel crosstalk from −30 dB to −23 dB which agrees with the experimentally observed value. Although the simulation of the inter-channel crosstalk was performed only on our GI-core polymer optical waveguides, it is capable of modeling the conventional SI rectangular-core waveguides. Some amount of excess scattering is generally observed in the conventional SI-core waveguides, and thus, the application of this simulation to SI-core waveguides allows a feasible design for high-density alignment of the waveguides.

Full Article | PDF Article

OSA Recommended Articles

Fabrication and inter-channel crosstalk analysis of polymer optical waveguides with W-shaped index profile for high-density optical interconnections

Hsiang-Han Hsu, Yusuke Hirobe, and Takaaki Ishigure
Opt. Express 19(15) 14018-14030 (2011)

Polymer optical waveguide with multiple graded-index cores for on-board interconnects fabricated using soft-lithography

Takaaki Ishigure and Yosuke Nitta
Opt. Express 18(13) 14191-14201 (2010)

GI-core polymer parallel optical waveguide with high-loss, carbon-black-doped cladding for extra low inter-channel crosstalk

Hisashi Uno and Takaaki Ishigure
Opt. Express 19(11) 10931-10939 (2011)

References

View by:
Article Order
|
Year
|
Author
|
Publication

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]
X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]
M. Karppinen, T. Alajoki, A. Tanskanen, K. Kataja, J.-T. Mäkinen, K. Kautio, P. Karioja, M. Immonen, and J. Kivilahti, “Parallel optical interconnect between ceramic BGA packages on FR4 board using embedded waveguides and passive optical alignments,” Proc 56th Electronic Components and Technology Conf, San Diego, CA, 219–225 (2006).
I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]
N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]
Y. Takeyoshi and T. Ishigure, “High-density 2 X 4 channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index circular cores,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(14), 2852–2861 (2009).
[Crossref]
T. Ishigure and Y. Takeyoshi, “Polymer waveguide with 4-channel graded-index circular cores for parallel optical interconnects,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5843–5850 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]
M. Sato, T. Ishigure, and Y. Koike, “Thermally stable high-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18(7), 952–958 (2000).
[Crossref]
T. Ono, and T. Ishigure, “Investigation of mode coupling origin in graded index multimode polymer optical fiber and waveguide,” in Proceedings of IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, (Florida, 2007), pp. 246–247.
T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]
H. H. Hsu, and T. Ishigure, “Graded index core optical polymer parallel waveguide and its crosstalk analysis”, presented at International Conference on Electronics Packaging, Sapporo, Japan, 12–14 May 2010.
T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]
Y. Koike and T. Ishigure, ““Bandwidth and transmission distance achieved by POF,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics,” E 82-C, 1553–1561 (1999).
A. W. Snyder and, J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman & Hall, 1983), Chap. 35.

2009 (2)

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Y. Takeyoshi and T. Ishigure, “High-density 2 X 4 channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index circular cores,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(14), 2852–2861 (2009).
[Crossref]

2008 (3)

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

1999 (1)

Y. Koike and T. Ishigure, ““Bandwidth and transmission distance achieved by POF,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics,” E 82-C, 1553–1561 (1999).

1997 (1)

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Bamiedakis, N.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Beals, J.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Berger, C.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Beyeler, R.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Bi, H.

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

Chen, R. T.

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

Clapp, T. V.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Dangel, R.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

DeGroot, J. V.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Dellmann, L.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Gmür, M.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Hamelin, R.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Horst, F.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Ishigure, T.

Y. Takeyoshi and T. Ishigure, “High-density 2 X 4 channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index circular cores,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(14), 2852–2861 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Ishigure and Y. Takeyoshi, “Polymer waveguide with 4-channel graded-index circular cores for parallel optical interconnects,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5843–5850 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Sato, T. Ishigure, and Y. Koike, “Thermally stable high-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18(7), 952–958 (2000).
[Crossref]

Y. Koike and T. Ishigure, ““Bandwidth and transmission distance achieved by POF,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics,” E 82-C, 1553–1561 (1999).

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Jiang, W.

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

Kobayashi, E.

T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]

Koike, Y.

T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]

M. Sato, T. Ishigure, and Y. Koike, “Thermally stable high-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18(7), 952–958 (2000).
[Crossref]

Y. Koike and T. Ishigure, ““Bandwidth and transmission distance achieved by POF,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics,” E 82-C, 1553–1561 (1999).

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Lamprecht, T.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Milward, D.

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

Morf, T.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Nihei, E.

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Nyu, T

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Offrein, B. J.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Oggioni, S.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Papakonstantinou, I.

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

Penty, R. V.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Pitwon, R. C. A.

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

Sato, M.

M. Sato, T. Ishigure, and Y. Koike, “Thermally stable high-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18(7), 952–958 (2000).
[Crossref]

Satoh, M

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Selviah, D. R.

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

Spreafico, M.

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

Takanashi, O

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

Takeyoshi, Y.

Y. Takeyoshi and T. Ishigure, “High-density 2 X 4 channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index circular cores,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(14), 2852–2861 (2009).
[Crossref]

T. Ishigure and Y. Takeyoshi, “Polymer waveguide with 4-channel graded-index circular cores for parallel optical interconnects,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5843–5850 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Tanaka, S.

T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]

Wang, L.

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

Wang, X.

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

White, I. H.

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Yamazaki, S.

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

E (1)

Y. Koike and T. Ishigure, ““Bandwidth and transmission distance achieved by POF,” IEICE Transaction on Electronics,” E 82-C, 1553–1561 (1999).

IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. (2)

R. Dangel, C. Berger, R. Beyeler, L. Dellmann, M. Gmür, R. Hamelin, F. Horst, T. Lamprecht, T. Morf, S. Oggioni, M. Spreafico, and B. J. Offrein, “Polymer waveguide based board level optical interconnect technology for datacom applications,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(4), 759–767 (2008).
[Crossref]

I. Papakonstantinou, D. R. Selviah, R. C. A. Pitwon, and D. Milward, “Low-cost, precision, self-alignment technique for coupling laser and photodiode arrays to polymer waveguide arrays on multilayer PCBs,” IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 31(3), 502–511 (2008).
[Crossref]

J. Lightwave Technol. (5)

X. Wang, W. Jiang, L. Wang, H. Bi, and R. T. Chen, “Fully embedded board-level optical interconnects from waveguide fabrication to device integration,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(2), 243–250 (2008).
[Crossref]

Y. Takeyoshi and T. Ishigure, “High-density 2 X 4 channel polymer optical waveguide with graded-index circular cores,” J. Lightwave Technol. 27(14), 2852–2861 (2009).
[Crossref]

M. Sato, T. Ishigure, and Y. Koike, “Thermally stable high-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18(7), 952–958 (2000).
[Crossref]

T. Ishigure, M Satoh, O Takanashi, E. Nihei, T Nyu, S. Yamazaki, and Y. Koike, “Formation of the refractive index profile in the graded index polymer optical fiber for gigabit data transmission,” J. Lightwave Technol. 15(11), 2095–2100 (1997).
[Crossref]

T. Ishigure, S. Tanaka, E. Kobayashi, and Y. Koike, “Accurate refractive index profiling in a graded-index plastic optical fiber exceeding gigabit transmission rates,” J. Lightwave Technol. 20(8), 1449–1456 (2002).
[Crossref]

J. Quantum Electron. (1)

N. Bamiedakis, J. Beals, R. V. Penty, I. H. White, J. V. DeGroot, and T. V. Clapp, “Cost-effective multimode polymer waveguides for high-speed on-board optical interconnects,” J. Quantum Electron. 45(4), 415–424 (2009).
[Crossref]

Opt. Express (1)

T. Ishigure and Y. Takeyoshi, “Polymer waveguide with 4-channel graded-index circular cores for parallel optical interconnects,” Opt. Express 15(9), 5843–5850 (2007).
[Crossref] [PubMed]

Other (4)

T. Ono, and T. Ishigure, “Investigation of mode coupling origin in graded index multimode polymer optical fiber and waveguide,” in Proceedings of IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society, (Florida, 2007), pp. 246–247.

M. Karppinen, T. Alajoki, A. Tanskanen, K. Kataja, J.-T. Mäkinen, K. Kautio, P. Karioja, M. Immonen, and J. Kivilahti, “Parallel optical interconnect between ceramic BGA packages on FR4 board using embedded waveguides and passive optical alignments,” Proc 56th Electronic Components and Technology Conf, San Diego, CA, 219–225 (2006).

H. H. Hsu, and T. Ishigure, “Graded index core optical polymer parallel waveguide and its crosstalk analysis”, presented at International Conference on Electronics Packaging, Sapporo, Japan, 12–14 May 2010.

A. W. Snyder and, J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman & Hall, 1983), Chap. 35.

Cited By

OSA participates in Crossref's Cited-By Linking service. Citing articles from OSA journals and other participating publishers are listed here.

Alert me when this article is cited.

Click here to see a list of articles that cite this paper

Fig. 1 (a) The refractive index profile measured using an interference microscope. The concentric interference fringes show the graded index variation within the core area. (b) Refractive index profile measured on the horizontal line connecting the core centers. The core radius of each core is approximately 50 μm and pitch (from the center to center) is approximately 200 μm.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 2 NFP after a 1-m waveguide transmission of a copolymer based optical waveguide under restricted launch condition and offset launch (move horizontally). The offset distance is shown beneath each profile.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 3 The middle core of 1-m long copolymer based waveguide was launched for crosstalk measurement. We can observe the ring like pattern in adjacent channels. In this sample, the core radius of each core is approximately 50 μm and pitch (from the center to center) is approximately 200 μm.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 4 One ray injects to the channel from (x, y, z) = (30, 0, 0) with 3° of angle to the z axis: (a) without and (b) with scattering effect. The rays penetrate the core-cladding boundary are those refracted rays.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 5 The calculated NFP under offset launching conditions (a) without and (b) with scattering effect. The offset distance from left to right is 10, 20, 30 and 40 μm. In this simulation p = 10%, N_s = 5 and θ_m = 20 is applied. The white circle surround the calculated NFP is the assumed core-cladding boundary.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 6 The calculated NFP (a) without and (b) with scattering effect included for a GI multi-channel waveguide. In this simulation, the parameters are identical as single channel case.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 7 The scattering probability p dominates the scattering loss and shows the unexpected propagation length dependence.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Fig. 8 (a) The loss value (in dB/cm) for the center channel. (b) The crosstalk value (in dB) for the right channel and (c) left channel.

Download Full Size | PPT Slide | PDF

Tables (1)

Table 1 Measurement results of the waveguides

View Table

Equations (7)

Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.

n (r) = n_{1} {[1 - 2 Δ {(r / a)}^{g}]}^{1 / 2}

{\begin{array}{l} \frac{d}{d s} [n (r) \frac{d r}{d s}] - r n (r) {(\frac{d φ}{d s})}^{2} = \frac{d n (r)}{d r} \\ \frac{d}{d s} [n (r) \frac{d φ}{d s}] + \frac{2 n (r)}{r} \frac{d φ}{d s} \frac{d r}{d s} = 0 \\ \frac{d}{d s} [n (r) \frac{d z}{d s}] = 0 \end{array}

z = β \int \frac{d r}{{[n^{2} (r) - β^{2} - l^{2} a^{2} / r^{2}]}^{1 / 2}}

T_{r e f} = 1 - {({\frac{λ}{16 π n_{2}^{3} \sin^{3} θ_{t}} \frac{d n^{2} (r)}{d r} |}_{r = a^{-}})}^{2}

T_{t u n} = \exp [- \frac{4 π}{λ} \int_{r_{t p}}^{r_{r a d}} {β^{2} + {(l a / r)}^{2} - n^{2} (r)}^{1 / 2} d r]

Δ θ_{k} = \pm θ_{m} \sqrt{- \log (R)}

I_{k} = \frac{| Δ θ_{k} |^{- 1}}{\sum_{k = 1}^{n} | Δ θ_{k} |^{- 1}} I_{0} (1 - T_{k})

	DPS dopant	Copolymer based
Loss (dB/cm)	0.028	0.033
Crosstalk at 1 m (dB)	< 30	~-23.6

Abstract

References

2009 (2)

2008 (3)

2007 (1)

2002 (1)

2000 (1)

1999 (1)

1997 (1)

Bamiedakis, N.

Beals, J.

Berger, C.

Beyeler, R.

Bi, H.

Chen, R. T.

Clapp, T. V.

Dangel, R.

DeGroot, J. V.

Dellmann, L.

Gmür, M.

Hamelin, R.

Horst, F.

Ishigure, T.

Jiang, W.

Kobayashi, E.

Koike, Y.

Lamprecht, T.

Milward, D.

Morf, T.

Nihei, E.

Nyu, T

Offrein, B. J.

Oggioni, S.

Papakonstantinou, I.

Penty, R. V.

Pitwon, R. C. A.

Sato, M.

Satoh, M

Selviah, D. R.

Spreafico, M.

Takanashi, O

Takeyoshi, Y.

Tanaka, S.

Wang, L.

Wang, X.

White, I. H.

Yamazaki, S.

E (1)

IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. (2)

J. Lightwave Technol. (5)

J. Quantum Electron. (1)

Opt. Express (1)

Other (4)

Cited By

Figures (8)

Tables (1)

Equations (7)

Metrics

Login or Create Account