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Assessment of photon migration in scattering media using heterodyning techniques with a frequency modulated diode laser

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Abstract

A novel technique for studying photon propagation in scattering media is proposed and demonstrated, as is believed, for the first time. Photons propagating through the medium, from a frequency-ramped single-mode diode laser, meet a reference beam from the same source, at a common detector, and beat frequencies corresponding to various temporal delays are observed by heterodyne techniques. Fourier transformation directly yields the temporal dispersion curve. Proof-of-principle experiments on polystyrene foam and a tissue phantom suggest, that the new method, when fully developed, may favorably compete with the more complex time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) and the phase-shift methods, now much employed.

©2009 Optical Society of America

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Figures (4)

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the technique presented; (b) Principle of analyzing photon propagation in the frequency domain.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Spectral responses for different samples (a) white paper, (b) tissue phantom, and (c) polystyrene foam (transmission mode). Curves are normalized by the maximum values.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Spectral responses corresponding to different thickness (l) of polystyrene foam (transmission mode). Curves are normalized by the maximum values.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Spectral responses when the gap (d) between the illuminating and observation points is set to different values (reflection mode). Gray curves are normalized by the maximum values. Dark smoothed curves are obtained by applying a sliding average over 100 Hz.

Equations (3)

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Eref = Aref exp (reft),
Esig = iAsigiexp{j[(ωrefS·τi)·t+ϕ(τi)]}.
I = DC + iArefAsigicos[S·τi·tϕ(τi)]+ijAsigiAsigjcos[S·(τiτj)·t+ϕ(τj)ϕ(τi)].
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