Coherent supercontinuum generation in tellurite glass regular lattice photonic crystal fibers

Mariusz Klimczak; Damian Michalik; Grzegorz Stępniewski; Tanvi Karpate; Jarosław Cimek; Xavier Forestier; Rafał kasztelanic; Dariusz Pysz; Ryszard Stępień; Ryszard Buczyński

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.36.00A112

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 36,
Issue 2,
pp. A112-A124
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.36.00A112

Coherent supercontinuum generation in tellurite glass regular lattice photonic crystal fibers

Mariusz Klimczak, Damian Michalik, Grzegorz Stępniewski, Tanvi Karpate, Jarosław Cimek, Xavier Forestier, Rafał kasztelanic, Dariusz Pysz, Ryszard Stępień, and Ryszard Buczyński

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Mariusz Klimczak, Damian Michalik, Grzegorz Stępniewski, Tanvi Karpate, Jarosław Cimek, Xavier Forestier, Rafał kasztelanic, Dariusz Pysz, Ryszard Stępień, and Ryszard Buczyński, "Coherent supercontinuum generation in tellurite glass regular lattice photonic crystal fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, A112-A124 (2019)

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Abstract

We report on the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of highly nonlinear tellurite glass photonic crystal fibers with engineered normal dispersion characteristics for coherent supercontinuum generation. Effectively single-mode air-hole lattice fibers with measured all-normal dispersion profiles as flat as $- 10$ to $- 50 ps / mn / km$ over 1500–2400 nm wavelengths are developed and investigated. Supercontinuum spectra are measured for these fibers, with a spectral width covering 1100–2600 nm wavelengths under pumping with a robust fixed-wavelength erbium-fiber-based femtosecond laser, delivering 90 fs pulses, centered at 1560 nm with peak power below 40 kW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first engineered microstructured fiber, which due to its high nonlinearity, enables a self-phase modulation and optical-wave-breaking-based supercontinuum pumped with a turn-key, 40 kW femtosecond laser at spectral widths obtainable with previous all-normal dispersion fiber designs only under pumping with systems delivering peak power in the megawatt range.

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#	Fiber Type	Glass Composition (- Core, * - Cladding)	SC Pump Wavelength [nm]	Peak Pump Power	Pump Pulse Duration	SC Spectral Coverage [nm]	Ref. and Year
1	PCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 20 ZnO – 5 {Na}_{2} O$	2150	127 kW	120 fs	900–2500	[2] (2008)
2	SCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 12 ZnO – 5 PbO – 3 {PbF}_{2} – 5 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	1550	17 kW	110 fs	800–4800	[1] (2008)
3	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 ZnO$	1557, 1064	1.4 kW, 33 W	400 fs,15 ps	800–2400, 800–1600	[3] (2009)
4	PCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1557	1.7 kW	400 fs	800–2400	[4] (2009)
5	SCF	Unspecified	1557	12.4 kW	400 fs	800–2400	[5] (2009)
6	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1550	9.4 kW	400 fs	470–2400	[6] (2010)
7	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 10 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O$	1560	$\sim 10 kW$	100 fs	1000–2000	[7] (2011)
8	SI + SCF	$70 {TeO}_{2} – 8 {Li}_{2} O – 17 {WO}_{3} – 3 {MoO}_{3} – 2 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$ * $75 {TeO}_{2} – 15 ZnO – 5 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {La}_{2} O_{3}$ **	1560	3.8 kW	600 fs	1200–2400	[8] (2011)
9	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 ZnO$	1064	24 W	110 fs	900–1600	[9] (2011)
10	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1064	387 W	15 ps	600–1800	[10] (2012)
11	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 10 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O$	1745	7 kW	200 fs	750–2800	[11] (2012)
12	SCF	Unspecified	1560	3.3 W	0.75 μs	800–2000	[12] (2012)
13	SCF	Unspecified	1560	37 kW	200 fs	1400–2400	[13] (2012)
14	PCF	$65 {TeO}_{2} – 28 {WO}_{3} – 5 {Na}_{2} O – 2 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	1580	230 kW	150 fs	800–2500	[14] (2013)
15	SCF	Unspecified	1030	28–380 W	46 fs	750–1600	[15] (2013)
16	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – (10 – x) ZnO – x {ZnF}_{2} – 10 {Na}_{2} O$ , $x = 0.5, 10$	1550	6.5 kW	200 fs	840–3000	[16] (2013)
17	SCF	$78 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 12 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {Bi}_{2} O_{3}$	1560	19 kW	290 fs	1300–2400	[17] (2014)
18	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3}$	1958, 2000	9.2 kW, 22 kW	200 fs	900–3900, 1000–2800	[18] (2015)
19	SCF	$70 {TeO}_{2} – 20 ZnO – 9 BaO – Ba {Cl}_{2}$	1500, 2400	$\sim 9 kW$	90 fs	800–2800, 1800–3400	[19] (2015)
20	T+SCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 15 ZnO – 5 {ZnF}_{2} – 5 {Na}_{2} O$	1560, 2060	3 kW	75 fs, 2.5 ps	1050–2150, 2100–2700	[20] (2016)
21	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ * $60 {TeO}_{2} – 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO$ **	2400	6 kW	400 fs	1300–5300	[21] (2017)
22	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 5 {ZnF}_{2} – 10 {Na}_{2} O$ * $60 {TeO}_{2} – 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO$ **	2069	600 W	2.5 ps	1500–3500	[22] (2017)
23	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ (core) and $60 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2}$ (cladding)	2300	3 kW	200 fs	1500–4500	[23] (2018)
24	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ (core) and $60 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2}$ (cladding)	2000	5.5 kW	200 fs	1340–2840	[24] (2018)

Fiber Sample	Fiber Diameter (μm)	Photonic Cladding Diameter (μm)	Core Diam. (μm)	Air-Hole Size $d$ (μm) (Inner/Outer Rings)	Relative Air-Hole Size $d / Λ$ (Inner/Outer Rings)
NL47 A2	132.7	19.96	2.16	0.66/1.06	0.46/0.73
NL47 A3	134.6	19.92	2.21	0.60/1.03	0.43/0.73
NL47 A4	154.4	22.13	2.60	0.63/1.04	0.39/0.65
NL47 B1	140.3	19.87	2.32	0.57/1.00	0.39/0.68
NL47 B2	136.7	19.49	2.22	0.52/0.97	0.37/0.69
NL47 B3	135.3	18.7	2.29	0.49/0.82	0.35/0.60

	PCF Series and Type	Nonlinear Refractive Index of Glass in the Core	Effective Mode Area Calculated at $λ = 1560 nm$	Nonlinear Coefficient $γ λ = 1560 nm$	Reference
1	NL21 series: all-solid glass PCF, in-house boron-silicate glass, and Schott F2 glass (including core)	$2.9 \times 10^{- 20} m^{2} / W$	$6.2 {μm}^{2}$	$13.6 W^{- 1} {km}^{- 1}$	[27]
2	NL38 series: all-solid glass PCF, Schott F2 and, Schott SF6 glasses (including core)	$21.0 \times 10^{- 20} m^{2} / W$	$4.0 {μm}^{2}$	$213.7 W^{- 1} {km}^{- 1}$	[39]
3	NL47 series: air-hole hexagonal lattice PCF, tellurite glass	$51.0 \times 10^{- 20} m^{2} / W$	$3.5 {μm}^{2}$	$582.6 W^{- 1} {km}^{- 1}$	This work

#	Fiber Type	Glass Composition (- Core, * - Cladding)	SC Pump Wavelength [nm]	Peak Pump Power	Pump Pulse Duration	SC Spectral Coverage [nm]	Ref. and Year
1	PCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 20 ZnO – 5 {Na}_{2} O$	2150	127 kW	120 fs	900–2500	[2] (2008)
2	SCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 12 ZnO – 5 PbO – 3 {PbF}_{2} – 5 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	1550	17 kW	110 fs	800–4800	[1] (2008)
3	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 ZnO$	1557, 1064	1.4 kW, 33 W	400 fs,15 ps	800–2400, 800–1600	[3] (2009)
4	PCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1557	1.7 kW	400 fs	800–2400	[4] (2009)
5	SCF	Unspecified	1557	12.4 kW	400 fs	800–2400	[5] (2009)
6	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1550	9.4 kW	400 fs	470–2400	[6] (2010)
7	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 10 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O$	1560	$\sim 10 kW$	100 fs	1000–2000	[7] (2011)
8	SI + SCF	$70 {TeO}_{2} – 8 {Li}_{2} O – 17 {WO}_{3} – 3 {MoO}_{3} – 2 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$ * $75 {TeO}_{2} – 15 ZnO – 5 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {La}_{2} O_{3}$ **	1560	3.8 kW	600 fs	1200–2400	[8] (2011)
9	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 ZnO$	1064	24 W	110 fs	900–1600	[9] (2011)
10	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O$	1064	387 W	15 ps	600–1800	[10] (2012)
11	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 10 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O$	1745	7 kW	200 fs	750–2800	[11] (2012)
12	SCF	Unspecified	1560	3.3 W	0.75 μs	800–2000	[12] (2012)
13	SCF	Unspecified	1560	37 kW	200 fs	1400–2400	[13] (2012)
14	PCF	$65 {TeO}_{2} – 28 {WO}_{3} – 5 {Na}_{2} O – 2 {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	1580	230 kW	150 fs	800–2500	[14] (2013)
15	SCF	Unspecified	1030	28–380 W	46 fs	750–1600	[15] (2013)
16	SCF	$80 {TeO}_{2} – (10 – x) ZnO – x {ZnF}_{2} – 10 {Na}_{2} O$ , $x = 0.5, 10$	1550	6.5 kW	200 fs	840–3000	[16] (2013)
17	SCF	$78 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 12 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {Bi}_{2} O_{3}$	1560	19 kW	290 fs	1300–2400	[17] (2014)
18	SCF	$76.5 {TeO}_{2} – 6 ZnO – 11.5 {Li}_{2} O – 6 {Bi}_{2} O_{3}$	1958, 2000	9.2 kW, 22 kW	200 fs	900–3900, 1000–2800	[18] (2015)
19	SCF	$70 {TeO}_{2} – 20 ZnO – 9 BaO – Ba {Cl}_{2}$	1500, 2400	$\sim 9 kW$	90 fs	800–2800, 1800–3400	[19] (2015)
20	T+SCF	$75 {TeO}_{2} – 15 ZnO – 5 {ZnF}_{2} – 5 {Na}_{2} O$	1560, 2060	3 kW	75 fs, 2.5 ps	1050–2150, 2100–2700	[20] (2016)
21	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ * $60 {TeO}_{2} – 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO$ **	2400	6 kW	400 fs	1300–5300	[21] (2017)
22	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 5 {ZnF}_{2} – 10 {Na}_{2} O$ * $60 {TeO}_{2} – 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO$ **	2069	600 W	2.5 ps	1500–3500	[22] (2017)
23	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ (core) and $60 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2}$ (cladding)	2300	3 kW	200 fs	1500–4500	[23] (2018)
24	SI	$80 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO – 10 {Na}_{2} O – 5 {ZnF}_{2}$ (core) and $60 {TeO}_{2} – 5 ZnO 20 {Na}_{2} O – 15 {GeO}_{2}$ (cladding)	2000	5.5 kW	200 fs	1340–2840	[24] (2018)

Fiber Sample	Fiber Diameter (μm)	Photonic Cladding Diameter (μm)	Core Diam. (μm)	Air-Hole Size $d$ (μm) (Inner/Outer Rings)	Relative Air-Hole Size $d / Λ$ (Inner/Outer Rings)
NL47 A2	132.7	19.96	2.16	0.66/1.06	0.46/0.73
NL47 A3	134.6	19.92	2.21	0.60/1.03	0.43/0.73
NL47 A4	154.4	22.13	2.60	0.63/1.04	0.39/0.65
NL47 B1	140.3	19.87	2.32	0.57/1.00	0.39/0.68
NL47 B2	136.7	19.49	2.22	0.52/0.97	0.37/0.69
NL47 B3	135.3	18.7	2.29	0.49/0.82	0.35/0.60

Abstract

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Tables (3)

Equations (2)

Journal of the Optical Society of America B