Refractive index sensor based on concentric triple racetrack resonators side-coupled to metal–insulator–metal waveguide for glucose sensing

Mohammad Reza Rakhshani

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.36.002834

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 36,
Issue 10,
pp. 2834-2842
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.36.002834

Refractive index sensor based on concentric triple racetrack resonators side-coupled to metal–insulator–metal waveguide for glucose sensing

Mohammad Reza Rakhshani

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Mohammad Reza Rakhshani, "Refractive index sensor based on concentric triple racetrack resonators side-coupled to metal–insulator–metal waveguide for glucose sensing," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36, 2834-2842 (2019)

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- Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: July 5, 2019
- Revised Manuscript: August 29, 2019
- Manuscript Accepted: August 29, 2019
- Published: September 19, 2019

Abstract

A refractive index sensor using two concentric triple racetrack resonators with plasmonic metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguides is suggested to provide more freedom for sensing applications. Due to momentum matching, intensive coupling happens between the equivalent modes of each section of the resonators. The sensing properties are numerically discussed in terms of the finite difference time domain method. According to the outcomes, when increasing the refractive index of the material in the outer sections of the racetrack resonators, the dip wavelengths show a notable red shift. The sensing performance can be enhanced by using two multiple concentric resonators that effectively increase the strength of the light–analyte interaction, which is useful for sensing applications. Our proposed nanosensor offers a high sensitivity value, sensing resolution, and figure of merit of 1618 nm/RIU, ${6.18} \times {10}^{ - 4}\,\,{\rm{RIU}}$, and $89\,\,{\rm{RI{U}}^{ - 1}}$, respectively. Also, the racetrack resonators coupled to MIM waveguides can be simply integrated into chip circuits with other optical devices to perform monitoring and filtering tasks.

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Parameter	Symbol	Quantity	Unit
Waveguide width	$W$	50	nm
Coupling distance	$t_{1}$	20	nm
Refractive index of inner section	$n_{1}$	1	–
Refractive index of middle section	$n_{2}$	1	–
Refractive index of outer section	$n_{3}$	1	–
Refractive index of waveguide	$n_{4}$	1	–
Radius of inner section	$r_{1}$	75	nm
Radius of middle section	$r_{2}$	140	nm
Radius of outer section	$r_{3}$	250	nm
Length of resonators	$d$	120	nm

Reference	Year	Structure Type	Wavelength (nm)	Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Resolution (RIU)
[27]	2013	Gold arrays	600–1400	1015	80–108	$9.85 \times 10^{- 4}$
[28]	2017	Rectangular and ring resonators	800–1300	1125	75	$2.45 \times 10^{- 3}$
[29]	2019	Nanoring arrays	400–800	408	5.88	$9.9 \times 10^{- 5}$
[34]	2008	Nanoparticles	527	44	0.6	$2.2 \times 10^{- 2}$
[35]	2012	Nanorings	980	380	16.5	$2.6 \times 10^{- 3}$
[36]	2011	Split-ring resonators	1420	1192	8.5	$7.04 \times 10^{- 4}$
[37]	2012	Nanorings	798	350	3.1	$2.8 \times 10^{- 3}$
[38]	2015	Hexagonal cavity	1000–1800	1562.5	38.6	$6.4 \times 10^{- 4}$
[39]	2016	Discs	1000–2500	525.7	—	$1.9 \times 10^{- 3}$
Our Work	2019	Two triple racetrack resonators	600–2000	1618	89	$6.18 \times 10^{- 4}$

Parameter	$A_{1}$	$A_{2}$	$A_{3}$	$A_{4}$	$C_{1}$	$C_{2}$	$C_{3}$	$C_{4}$
Unit	—	—	—	—	$µ m^{2}$	$µ m^{2}$	$µ m^{2}$	$µ m^{2}$
$V a l u e (\times 10^{- 4})$	56.84	17.26	2.08	11.3	0.51	1.82	2.62	10.69

Parameter	Symbol	Quantity	Unit
Waveguide width	$W$	50	nm
Coupling distance	$t_{1}$	20	nm
Refractive index of inner section	$n_{1}$	1	–
Refractive index of middle section	$n_{2}$	1	–
Refractive index of outer section	$n_{3}$	1	–
Refractive index of waveguide	$n_{4}$	1	–
Radius of inner section	$r_{1}$	75	nm
Radius of middle section	$r_{2}$	140	nm
Radius of outer section	$r_{3}$	250	nm
Length of resonators	$d$	120	nm

Reference	Year	Structure Type	Wavelength (nm)	Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Resolution (RIU)
[27]	2013	Gold arrays	600–1400	1015	80–108	$9.85 \times 10^{- 4}$
[28]	2017	Rectangular and ring resonators	800–1300	1125	75	$2.45 \times 10^{- 3}$
[29]	2019	Nanoring arrays	400–800	408	5.88	$9.9 \times 10^{- 5}$
[34]	2008	Nanoparticles	527	44	0.6	$2.2 \times 10^{- 2}$
[35]	2012	Nanorings	980	380	16.5	$2.6 \times 10^{- 3}$
[36]	2011	Split-ring resonators	1420	1192	8.5	$7.04 \times 10^{- 4}$
[37]	2012	Nanorings	798	350	3.1	$2.8 \times 10^{- 3}$
[38]	2015	Hexagonal cavity	1000–1800	1562.5	38.6	$6.4 \times 10^{- 4}$
[39]	2016	Discs	1000–2500	525.7	—	$1.9 \times 10^{- 3}$
Our Work	2019	Two triple racetrack resonators	600–2000	1618	89	$6.18 \times 10^{- 4}$

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B