Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, nonlinear focusing, thermal blooming, and optical breakdown of a laser beam propagating in water

B. Hafizi; J. P. Palastro; J. R. Peñano; T. G. Jones; L. A. Johnson; M. H. Helle; D. Kaganovich; Y. H. Chen; A. B. Stamm

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.33.002062

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 33,
Issue 10,
pp. 2062-2072
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.33.002062

Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, nonlinear focusing, thermal blooming, and optical breakdown of a laser beam propagating in water

B. Hafizi, J. P. Palastro, J. R. Peñano, T. G. Jones, L. A. Johnson, M. H. Helle, D. Kaganovich, Y. H. Chen, and A. B. Stamm

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B. Hafizi, J. P. Palastro, J. R. Peñano, T. G. Jones, L. A. Johnson, M. H. Helle, D. Kaganovich, Y. H. Chen, and A. B. Stamm, "Stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, nonlinear focusing, thermal blooming, and optical breakdown of a laser beam propagating in water," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 33, 2062-2072 (2016)

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Table of Contents Category
- Nonlinear Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 2, 2016
- Revised Manuscript: July 29, 2016
- Manuscript Accepted: August 22, 2016
- Published: September 12, 2016

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Abstract

The physical processes associated with propagation of a high-power laser beam in a dielectric include self-focusing, stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brillouin scattering, thermal blooming, and multiphoton and collisional ionization. The interplay between these processes is analyzed using a reduced model consisting of a few differential equations that can be readily solved, enabling rapid variation of parameters and the development of theoretical results for guiding new experiments. The presentation in this paper is limited to propagation of the pump, the Stokes Raman, and the Brillouin pulses, ignoring the anti-Stokes Raman. Consistent with experimental results in the literature, it is found that self-focusing has a dramatic effect on the propagation of high-power laser beams in water. A significant portion of the pump laser energy is transferred to Stokes Raman forward scatter along with a smaller portion to Brillouin backscatter.

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Self-focusing power (at 532 nm) $P_{L c}$	1.87 MW (Ref. [19])
Laser power at input $P_{L}$	$(\frac{1}{2}, 5) \times P_{L c}$
Initial Stokes Raman, Brillouin power $P_{S}$ , $P_{B}$	$2.21 \times 10^{- 5} W$ (Ref. [1])
Initial laser, Stokes Raman, Brillouin spot radius $R_{L}$ , $R_{S}$ , $R_{B}$	0.375 mm
Initial pump laser beam divergence	$- 0.6 mrad$
Laser, Stokes Raman wavelength $λ_{L}$ , $λ_{S}$	532, 652 nm
Acoustic speed $c_{s}$	$1.5 \times 10^{3} m / s$
Acoustic frequency $Ω_{B} / 2 π$	7.4 GHz
Laser, Stokes Raman refractive index $n_{L}$ , $n_{S}$	1.334, 1.331
Stokes Raman susceptibility $χ_{R} (ω_{S})$	$- i 3.42 \times 10^{- 14} {cm}^{3} / erg$ (Refs. [7,9])
Brillouin susceptibility $κ_{SBS}$	$- i 4.5 \times 10^{- 13} {cm}^{3} / erg$ (Refs. [7,9])
Brillouin linewidth $Γ_{B}$	$3.39 \times 10^{9} s^{- 1}$ (Refs. [7,9])
Ionization potential of water $U_{ion}$	6.5 eV (Refs. [20,21])
Characteristic multiphoton ionization intensity $I_{MPI}$	$10^{14} {W / cm}^{2}$ (Ref. [18])
Collision cross section $σ_{c}$	$10^{- 15} {cm}^{2}$ (Ref. [18])
Electron attachment rate $η$	$1.7 \times 10^{11} s^{- 1}$ (For reaction $e + H_{2} O \to H + {OH}^{-}$ in Ref. [16])
Thermal-expansion coefficient $β$ (at 20°C)	$2.07 \times 10^{- 4} K^{- 1}$
Linear absorption coefficient $α_{2}$	$2 \times 10^{- 4} {cm}^{- 1}$ (Ref. [22])
Length of water tank	120 cm

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B