Radiation and gain behaviors in Tm<sup>3+</sup>-doped aluminum germanate substrate glasses and thermal ion-exchanged waveguide

Dianlai Yang; Edwin Yun Bun Pun; Naiqin Wang; Hai Lin

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.27.000990

Radiation and gain behaviors in ${Tm}^{3 +}$ -doped aluminum germanate substrate glasses and thermal ion-exchanged waveguide

Dianlai Yang, Edwin YunBun Pun, Naiqin Wang, and Hai Lin

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 27,
Issue 5,
pp. 990-996
(2010)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.27.000990

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Dianlai Yang, Edwin Yun Bun Pun, Naiqin Wang, and Hai Lin, "Radiation and gain behaviors in Tm³⁺-doped aluminum germanate substrate glasses and thermal ion-exchanged waveguide," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 27, 990-996 (2010)

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Table of Contents Category
- Integrated Optics
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the OSA Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Integrated optics devices (130.3120)
- Integrated optics materials (130.3130)
- Glass waveguides (130.2755)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 22, 2009
- Revised Manuscript: February 27, 2010
- Manuscript Accepted: March 9, 2010
- Published: April 26, 2010
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Abstract

${Tm}^{3 +}$ -doped acid-resistant aluminum germanate (NMAG) glasses and a $K^{+} - {Na}^{+}$ ion-exchanged channel waveguide have been fabricated and characterized. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters indicate a high asymmetry and strong covalent environment in NMAG glasses. A remarkable internal gain coefficient of $0.48 dB ∕ cm$ at $1.482 μ m$ wavelength was achieved in the $3.15 cm$ long channel waveguide. Based on absorption and emission cross-sections, the ideal internal gain coefficient at $1.675 μ m$ and $1.815 μ m$ is given to be $0.5 dB ∕ cm$ and $2.0 dB ∕ cm$ , respectively, as the population inversion equals 1.0. Experimental results and theoretical anticipation indicate that ${Tm}^{3 +}$ -doped NMAG glasses are potential and attractive substrates in developing S- and U-band waveguide amplifiers and an eye-safe medical laser.

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Absorption	Energy $({cm}^{- 1})$	$P_{\exp}$ $(10^{- 6})$	$P_{calc}$ $(10^{- 6})$	$P_{md}$ $(10^{- 6})$	Title
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	5997	3.030	3.063
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	8261	1.755	1.505	0.426
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}H_{4}$	12642	3.250	3.011
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}F_{2}$ , ${}^{3}F_{3}$	14620	2.672	2.645
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{1}G_{4}$	21231	1.388	1.020
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}D_{2}$	28129	2.585	2.111
Root mean-square deviation $(10^{- 7})$					3.9

Host Matrix	$Ω_{2}$	$Ω_{4}$	$Ω_{6}$	$Ω_{4} ∕ Ω_{6}$	Ref.
ZBLAN	2.31	1.28	1.17	1.09	[22]
$Te O_{2} - Ti O_{2} - {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	4.09	1.36	1.19	1.14	[23]
$Ca O - Ba O - {Al}_{2} O_{3}$	4.38	1.12	0.82	1.37	[25]
$K_{2} O - {Bi}_{2} O_{3} - {Ga}_{2} O_{3}$	4.90	0.72	1.14	0.63	[26]
$Si O_{2} - {Al}_{2} O_{3} - {Na}_{2} O - Zn F_{2}$	5.02	1.88	0.96	1.96	[27]
$Pb O - {Sb}_{2} O_{3} - B_{2} O_{3}$	5.11	1.57	1.76	0.89	[28]
${Li}_{2} O - K_{2} O - Ba O - B_{2} O_{3} - Te O_{2}$	5.40	1.47	1.19	1.24	[24]
$Ge O_{2} - Pb O - {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	5.55	2.03	1.26	1.61	[29]
$P_{2} O_{5} - K_{2} O - Ca O - {Al}_{2} O_{3}$	8.08	3.05	1.16	2.63	[30]
NMAG	5.46	1.67	0.91	1.84	Present work

Transition	Energy $({cm}^{- 1})$	$A_{ed} (S^{- 1})$	$A_{md} (S^{- 1})$	β	$τ_{rad}$ (ms)
${}^{3}F_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	5577	215.67		1	4.637
${}^{3}H_{5} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	8261	197.77	50.02	0.986	3.980
${}^{3}H_{5} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	2684	3.32	0.13	0.014
${}^{3}H_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	12642	1061.98		0.879	0.828
${}^{3}H_{4} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	7065	105.85	14.21	0.100
${}^{3}H_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	4381	20.18	5.47	0.021
${}^{3}F_{3} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	14620	1469.11		0.764	0.520
${}^{3}F_{3} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	9043	44.50	41.55	0.045
${}^{3}F_{3} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	6359	364.32		0.189
${}^{3}F_{3} \to {}^{3}H_{4}$	1978	3.56	0.23	0.002
${}^{3}F_{2} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	15152	418.45		0.312	0.747
${}^{3}F_{2} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	9575	738.91		0.552
${}^{3}F_{2} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	6891	165.61		0.124
${}^{3}F_{2} \to {}^{3}H_{4}$	2510	16.11		0.012
${}^{3}F_{2} \to {}^{3}F_{3}$	532	0.01	0.01	0
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{6}$	21231	1051.44		0.505	0.481
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	15654	122.55	5.98	0.062
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	12970	529.34	95.15	0.300
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}H_{4}$	8589	205.48	22.81	0.110
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}F_{3}$	6611	34.67	2.18	0.018
${}^{1}G_{4} \to {}^{3}F_{2}$	6079	11.16		0.005

Absorption	Energy $({cm}^{- 1})$	$P_{\exp}$ $(10^{- 6})$	$P_{calc}$ $(10^{- 6})$	$P_{md}$ $(10^{- 6})$	Title
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}F_{4}$	5997	3.030	3.063
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}H_{5}$	8261	1.755	1.505	0.426
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}H_{4}$	12642	3.250	3.011
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}F_{2}$ , ${}^{3}F_{3}$	14620	2.672	2.645
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{1}G_{4}$	21231	1.388	1.020
${}^{3}H_{6} \to {}^{3}D_{2}$	28129	2.585	2.111
Root mean-square deviation $(10^{- 7})$					3.9

Host Matrix	$Ω_{2}$	$Ω_{4}$	$Ω_{6}$	$Ω_{4} ∕ Ω_{6}$	Ref.
ZBLAN	2.31	1.28	1.17	1.09	[22]
$Te O_{2} - Ti O_{2} - {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	4.09	1.36	1.19	1.14	[23]
$Ca O - Ba O - {Al}_{2} O_{3}$	4.38	1.12	0.82	1.37	[25]
$K_{2} O - {Bi}_{2} O_{3} - {Ga}_{2} O_{3}$	4.90	0.72	1.14	0.63	[26]
$Si O_{2} - {Al}_{2} O_{3} - {Na}_{2} O - Zn F_{2}$	5.02	1.88	0.96	1.96	[27]
$Pb O - {Sb}_{2} O_{3} - B_{2} O_{3}$	5.11	1.57	1.76	0.89	[28]
${Li}_{2} O - K_{2} O - Ba O - B_{2} O_{3} - Te O_{2}$	5.40	1.47	1.19	1.24	[24]
$Ge O_{2} - Pb O - {Nb}_{2} O_{5}$	5.55	2.03	1.26	1.61	[29]
$P_{2} O_{5} - K_{2} O - Ca O - {Al}_{2} O_{3}$	8.08	3.05	1.16	2.63	[30]
NMAG	5.46	1.67	0.91	1.84	Present work

Abstract

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