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Electrodynamic solution for polarized reflectivity and wide-field orientation imaging of uniaxial metals

Abstract

The polarized reflectivity of an ideally smooth metal with a uniaxial anisotropic complex refractive index, for instance, metals with hexagonally close-packed (HCP) symmetry, is derived from the electromagnetic wave equation for normal incidence and arbitrary crystal orientation. The resulting orientation-dependent Mueller matrices of the surface are applicable to $c$ axis orientation imaging of metals including beryllium, magnesium, titanium, cobalt, zinc, zirconium, tin, and most of their alloys, as well as other uniaxial compounds. Comparing orientation images recorded with a generalized polarized-light microscope (PLM), in this case an original coherent laser PLM, with orientation images obtained by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) enables imaging ellipsometry (IE) at near-normal incidence and increases confidence in ellipsometric refractive-index measurements. In this initial study, without modeling oxides, the resulting $c$ axis orientation images of several titanium alloys are still verified to better than 11% against EBSD maps of the same samples over instantaneous fields of view (FOVs) exceeding $1\;{\rm cm^2}$ and FOVs approaching $1\;{\rm in^2}$ obtained by stitching several such images together.

© 2021 Optical Society of America

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Data Availability

Digital versions of the orientation images featured in this paper may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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