Goniochromatic assessment of gray scales for color change

Alejandro Ferrero; Berta Bernad; Joaquín Campos; Noël Richard; Christine Fernández-Maloigne; Manuel Melgosa

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.394170

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 37,
Issue 8,
pp. 1266-1275
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.394170

Goniochromatic assessment of gray scales for color change

Alejandro Ferrero, Berta Bernad, Joaquín Campos, Noël Richard, Christine Fernández-Maloigne, and Manuel Melgosa

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Alejandro Ferrero, Berta Bernad, Joaquín Campos, Noël Richard, Christine Fernández-Maloigne, and Manuel Melgosa, "Goniochromatic assessment of gray scales for color change," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, 1266-1275 (2020)

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Table of Contents Category
- Vision, Color Vision, and Psychophysics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 24, 2020
- Revised Manuscript: June 19, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: June 23, 2020
- Published: July 22, 2020

Abstract

The dependence of color differences on the illumination and viewing directions for two widely used gray scales for color change (SDCE and AATCC) was evaluated through measuring the spectral bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) by a gonio-spectrophotometer of metrological quality. Large incidence and viewing angles must be specially avoided using these gray scales because, in these conditions, color differences vary considerably from those established in ISO 105-A02 and ASTM D2616-12. While the visual appearance of the SDCE and AATCC gray scales for color change is similar, our results indicate that their goniochromatic properties are different. Finally, some recommendations regarding observation distance and illumination angle are given to correctly use these gray scales for visual experiments.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Dataset 1	Spectrally-averaged BRDF measurements corresponding to the 9 chips of the gray scales AATCC and SDCE at six different irradiation angles.

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Grade (G)	CIELAB Color Difference $Δ E_{a b}^{} \pm δ [Δ E_{ab}^{}]$
5	$0.0 \pm 0.2$
4-5	$0.8 \pm 0.2$
4	$1.7 \pm 0.3$
3-4	$2.5 \pm 0.3$
3	$3.4 \pm 0.4$
2-3	$4.8 \pm 0.5$
2	$6.8 \pm 0.6$
1-2	$9.6 \pm 0.7$
1	$13.6 \pm 1.0$

AATCC
$θ_{i} / θ_{s}$	$- 75^{\circ}$	$- 60^{\circ}$	$- 45^{\circ}$	$- 30^{\circ}$	$- 15^{\circ}$	0°	15°	30°	45°	60°	75°	Ave.
0°	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
15°	0.8	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.6	3.6	0.7
30°	0.8	0.3	0.2	1.0	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	4.4	0.8
45°	0.6	0.3	3.8	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	1.0	3.9	1.2
60°	0.7	13.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.3	1.9	3.1	2.2
75°	10.5	1.2	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.5	2.2	3.3	9.4	3.0
SDCE
0°	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
15°	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.4
30°	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.3	0.8	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.8	0.5
45°	0.3	0.1	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	1.0	1.6	0.7	1.2	0.6
60°	0.4	1.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4	1.2	2.5	1.8	0.8
75°	2.2	0.9	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.9	2.5	9.3	1.6

Bidirectional Geometry	Lightness Differences $L_{10, S D C E}^{} - L_{10, A A T C C}^{}$
15º:-75º	$- 7.4 \pm 1.0$
15º:0º	$9.2 \pm 2.6$
15º:30º	$10.8 \pm 2.2$
15º:45º	$0.7 \pm 0.5$
15º:60º	$- 4.3 \pm 0.7$
15º:75º	$- 10.8 \pm 3.7$
45º:-75º	$- 7.6 \pm 1.0$
45º:0º	$- 3.6 \pm 0.4$
45º:15º	$0.5 \pm 0.8$
45º:30º	$13.6 \pm 3.3$
45º:60º	$25.1 \pm 4.1$
45º: 75º	$8.7 \pm 2.3$

Grade (G)	CIELAB Color Difference $Δ E_{a b}^{} \pm δ [Δ E_{ab}^{}]$
5	$0.0 \pm 0.2$
4-5	$0.8 \pm 0.2$
4	$1.7 \pm 0.3$
3-4	$2.5 \pm 0.3$
3	$3.4 \pm 0.4$
2-3	$4.8 \pm 0.5$
2	$6.8 \pm 0.6$
1-2	$9.6 \pm 0.7$
1	$13.6 \pm 1.0$

AATCC
$θ_{i} / θ_{s}$	$- 75^{\circ}$	$- 60^{\circ}$	$- 45^{\circ}$	$- 30^{\circ}$	$- 15^{\circ}$	0°	15°	30°	45°	60°	75°	Ave.
0°	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3
15°	0.8	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.7	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.6	3.6	0.7
30°	0.8	0.3	0.2	1.0	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	4.4	0.8
45°	0.6	0.3	3.8	0.3	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	1.0	3.9	1.2
60°	0.7	13.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.8	1.3	1.9	3.1	2.2
75°	10.5	1.2	0.8	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.0	1.5	2.2	3.3	9.4	3.0
SDCE
0°	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.3
15°	0.4	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.5	0.4
30°	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.9	0.1	0.3	0.8	1.1	0.5	0.4	0.8	0.5
45°	0.3	0.1	1.5	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	1.0	1.6	0.7	1.2	0.6
60°	0.4	1.4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.4	1.2	2.5	1.8	0.8
75°	2.2	0.9	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.9	2.5	9.3	1.6

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

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Tables (3)

Equations (2)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A