We investigate color constancy for real 2D paper samples using a successive matching paradigm in which the observer memorizes a reference surface color under neutral illumination and after a temporal interval selects a matching test surface under the same or different illumination. We find significant effects of the illumination, reference surface, and their interaction on the matching error. We characterize the matching error in the absence of illumination change as the “pure color memory shift” and introduce a new index for successive color constancy that compares this shift against the matching error under changing illumination. The index also incorporates the vector direction of the matching errors in chromaticity space, unlike the traditional constancy index. With this index, we find that color constancy is nearly perfect.
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Measured CIE Yxy Chromaticities for the Five Experimental Illuminations
Illumination
Chromaticity
Y
X
y
D65
7.82
0.3128
0.3307
D40
7.62
0.3807
0.3835
D145
7.88
0.2637
0.2717
Red
7.41
0.341
0.2868
Green
7.48
0.2782
0.3815
Table 2
Measured CIE Luv Lightness (L), Hue (H), and Saturation (S) Values under D65 Illumination for All Surfaces in the Seven Saturation Series, Together with the CIE Luv Color Differences (Delta E) between Each Test and Reference Patcha
Label
Saturation Series A
Saturation Series B
Saturation Series C
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
72.99
6.25
0.57
69.86
0.73
0.94
65.95
5.91
0.66
1
71.90
6.24
0.29
20.28
70.13
0.67
0.56
26.00
64.43
6.15
0.21
30.80
2
73.37
6.29
0.35
15.47
70.33
0.69
0.62
22.26
64.25
6.11
0.25
27.88
3
71.27
6.26
0.36
16.04
69.44
0.72
0.65
20.27
64.29
6.06
0.27
26.54
4
71.76
6.27
0.40
12.54
69.55
0.74
0.72
15.53
64.60
6.03
0.31
24.04
5
72.19
6.27
0.44
9.89
69.60
0.74
0.74
13.96
64.98
6.01
0.36
20.51
6
71.92
6.27
0.48
6.97
69.52
0.76
0.80
10.06
65.17
5.98
0.39
18.38
7
69.31
0.74
0.81
9.41
65.76
5.95
0.43
15.18
8
73.22
6.25
0.52
3.39
70.96
0.76
0.86
4.88
65.45
5.94
0.50
11.18
9
74.05
6.25
0.62
4.80
69.51
0.74
0.88
3.99
65.70
5.93
0.54
8.01
10
72.52
6.25
0.68
7.74
66.28
5.91
0.60
3.91
11
73.03
6.26
0.74
12.37
70.60
0.77
0.98
4.47
12
72.27
6.26
0.79
15.66
69.80
0.76
1.01
5.41
65.16
5.91
0.72
3.13
13
73.35
6.25
0.82
18.84
68.85
0.76
1.08
9.27
66.68
5.88
0.75
6.46
14
75.19
6.24
0.89
25.95
69.88
0.79
1.09
11.76
66.12
5.87
0.83
11.12
15
74.09
6.21
0.93
27.84
68.88
0.77
1.13
12.86
67.06
5.87
0.88
15.29
16
75.45
6.22
0.95
30.14
69.21
0.79
1.17
16.23
67.08
5.85
0.96
20.81
Label
Saturation Series D
Saturation Series E
Saturation Series F
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
57.73
1.32
0.71
58.75
0.87
0.96
56.78
3.52
0.40
1
55.78
1.26
0.33
22.72
60.24
0.92
0.22
43.19
55.86
3.67
0.14
15.05
2
56.78
1.33
0.34
21.71
57.22
0.87
0.36
35.83
56.35
3.71
0.17
13.43
3
56.30
1.36
0.41
18.00
56.98
0.87
0.41
33.09
56.29
3.62
0.22
10.47
4
58.29
1.36
0.43
15.98
56.54
0.87
0.46
30.47
56.64
3.60
0.26
8.12
5
57.65
1.29
0.45
15.08
57.46
0.87
0.52
26.55
57.29
3.57
0.29
6.20
6
57.41
1.33
0.52
11.15
57.24
0.89
0.62
20.98
56.70
3.55
0.34
3.49
7
58.66
1.41
0.54
9.90
58.29
0.86
0.66
17.94
56.46
3.53
0.42
1.08
8
58.85
1.39
0.57
7.96
58.06
0.85
0.73
14.07
56.86
3.52
0.48
4.58
9
57.49
1.33
0.58
7.66
60.82
0.87
0.78
9.20
56.54
3.50
0.51
6.15
10
58.13
1.36
0.66
3.09
57.47
0.89
0.78
11.69
56.54
3.49
0.58
10.12
11
56.82
1.38
0.71
2.68
57.85
0.84
0.85
7.45
56.73
3.48
0.61
11.95
12
57.36
1.38
0.76
3.65
57.64
0.84
0.90
4.93
57.14
3.49
0.64
13.89
13
57.34
1.42
0.76
4.97
59.81
0.90
0.95
2.05
57.12
3.48
0.67
15.61
14
56.18
1.41
0.85
8.00
57.32
0.86
1.02
2.58
56.30
3.47
0.74
19.02
15
56.16
1.40
0.90
10.35
57.91
0.85
1.02
3.03
55.51
3.46
0.81
22.37
16
55.81
1.42
0.96
13.57
58.17
0.87
1.05
4.71
55.34
3.46
0.82
22.79
Label
Saturation Series G
Label
Saturation Series G, cont.
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
59.53
1.61
0.55
9
58.44
1.67
0.56
2.25
1
57.59
1.26
0.25
19.94
10
59.03
1.66
0.60
3.21
2
56.90
1.43
0.28
17.50
11
58.96
1.69
0.62
4.75
3
57.75
1.46
0.32
14.84
12
58.42
1.70
0.65
6.22
4
57.83
1.54
0.34
13.31
13
57.45
1.72
0.71
9.23
5
60.10
1.55
0.35
11.83
14
57.56
1.74
0.73
10.64
6
57.92
1.65
0.46
6.42
15
57.61
1.74
0.80
14.40
7
57.48
1.63
0.49
5.05
16
56.87
1.77
0.85
17.05
8
58.77
1.67
0.52
2.99
The best match to the reference surface is indicated in bold; note that slight variations in printing and measurement error contribute to a very small but nonzero color difference between the reference surface and the matching test surface under the test illumination.
Table 3
Measured CIE Luv Lightness (L), Hue (H), and Saturation Values under D65 Illumination for All Six Hue Series, Together with the CIE Luv Color Differences (DeltaE) between Each Test and Reference Surfacea
Label
Hue Series A
Hue Series B
Hue Series C
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
71.11
5.94
0.55
65.95
6.18
0.43
64.89
3.90
0.19
1
72.37
6.59
0.59
26.49
64.60
6.84
0.41
17.99
64.49
4.68
0.27
12.25
2
73.27
6.50
0.60
23.65
64.59
6.76
0.42
16.05
64.01
4.54
0.26
10.03
3
73.50
6.42
0.61
20.98
65.13
6.68
0.44
14.22
64.47
4.46
0.22
7.55
4
72.53
6.35
0.62
18.23
64.53
6.60
0.45
12.16
63.33
4.21
0.22
4.62
5
72.94
6.28
0.61
15.22
65.44
6.50
0.46
9.58
63.56
4.06
0.22
2.98
6
73.18
6.24
0.66
16.05
64.98
6.40
0.45
6.55
63.67
3.89
0.21
1.61
7
72.17
6.18
0.65
12.93
64.78
6.27
0.44
2.82
63.44
3.68
0.21
3.32
8
72.45
6.13
0.64
10.94
64.46
6.17
0.42
1.99
63.89
3.53
0.19
4.61
9
71.49
6.05
0.60
5.89
65.03
6.06
0.42
3.62
64.23
3.38
0.20
6.52
10
71.38
6.00
0.62
5.72
64.97
5.96
0.41
6.35
64.36
3.29
0.20
7.60
11
70.55
5.94
0.58
1.89
64.41
5.85
0.40
9.38
65.25
3.08
0.19
9.86
12
70.75
5.89
0.56
2.06
64.89
5.76
0.39
11.63
64.50
3.00
0.20
10.99
13
69.77
5.83
0.54
4.65
64.56
5.64
0.39
14.67
64.84
2.77
0.18
12.86
14
70.46
5.78
0.52
6.57
65.52
5.55
0.38
16.83
65.49
2.65
0.19
14.51
15
71.03
5.72
0.50
8.94
65.41
5.47
0.37
18.69
65.75
2.42
0.18
16.32
16
71.25
5.65
0.49
11.47
65.69
5.36
0.37
21.32
65.71
2.21
0.17
17.61
Label
Hue Series D
Hue Series E
Hue Series F
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
57.78
6.45
0.65
59.49
2.83
0.39
57.51
5.14
0.40
1
56.82
6.90
0.68
17.06
56.98
3.33
0.40
11.66
56.56
5.48
0.46
8.86
2
56.89
6.81
0.68
13.72
57.29
3.18
0.41
8.43
56.36
5.31
0.44
4.58
3
56.66
6.75
0.69
11.61
57.46
3.06
0.40
5.68
55.85
5.18
0.42
1.96
4
56.58
6.70
0.70
9.91
57.36
2.94
0.43
3.69
55.95
5.07
0.42
2.31
5
57.19
6.62
0.68
6.65
57.84
2.81
0.40
1.72
56.22
5.03
0.40
2.86
6
56.28
6.54
0.68
3.79
57.29
2.70
0.44
4.33
55.75
4.91
0.39
5.57
7
55.83
6.45
0.68
1.99
58.42
2.59
0.42
5.96
55.62
4.74
0.37
9.18
8
56.49
6.36
0.65
3.68
57.79
2.45
0.41
9.03
56.10
4.65
0.35
10.94
9
54.90
6.30
0.68
6.31
58.15
2.32
0.41
11.96
56.46
4.43
0.32
15.04
10
55.02
6.19
0.64
10.21
58.22
2.19
0.41
14.87
55.14
4.25
0.30
18.15
11
55.47
6.10
0.65
13.22
58.06
2.05
0.43
18.44
55.47
4.05
0.29
21.21
12
55.56
6.00
0.67
16.95
58.00
1.92
0.42
20.98
56.42
3.95
0.26
22.24
13
55.96
5.91
0.65
19.95
57.86
1.81
0.43
23.57
55.74
3.78
0.25
24.34
14
55.70
5.83
0.65
22.75
58.22
1.57
0.44
28.85
56.64
3.60
0.22
25.84
15
55.41
5.74
0.68
26.37
58.17
1.41
0.48
33.54
56.70
3.30
0.22
28.95
16
55.78
5.68
0.69
28.75
58.12
1.33
0.50
35.91
56.87
3.11
0.21
30.26
The best match to the reference surface is indicated in bold; note that slight variations in printing and measurement error contribute to a very small but nonzero color difference between the reference surface and the matching test surface under the test illumination.
Table 4
Estimated Munsell Color Notations of Reference Surfaces for All Seven Saturation (Sat.) Series and Six Hue Series
Reference
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Sat. Series
2.5GY
10YR 6/6
7.5GY 6/6
10R 5/4
7.5R
10B 5/2
2.5R 5/4
Hue Series
7.5GY
5GY 6/4
7.5BG 6/2
10Y 5/4
2.5P
5G 5/4
Table 5
Mean Matching Errors and Their Standard Deviation of Mean (SDM) Values for All Color Series under All Five Illuminations Averaged across All Seven Observers, Reported in CIE Luv Units
Series
D65
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
16.57 (3.12)
26.74 (3.59)
12.65 (2.03)
13.12 (4.24)
19.29 (2.12)
Sat. B
7.18 (1.63)
12.84 (1.71)
6.96 (1.42)
8.25 (1.59)
7.13 (0.81)
Sat. C
9.10 (2.26)
14.25 (4.28)
10.90 (1.46)
8.38 (1.91)
9.27 (2.16)
Sat. D
8.23 (1.59)
6.70 (1.18)
7.22 (2.40)
10.47 (2.82)
4.67 (0.40)
Sat. E
4.32 (1.21)
4.33 (0.50)
3.39 (0.82)
14.42 (5.27)
1.77 (0.13)
Sat. F
11.21 (2.51)
6.28 (0.95)
4.28 (0.49)
10.31 (2.24)
5.10 (1.81)
Sat. G
7.91 (2.39)
9.94 (0.99)
7.22 (0.96)
6.37 (1.22)
4.44 (0.82)
Hue A
7.98 (1.65)
10.85 (1.87)
7.67 (1.85)
8.72 (2.29)
6.23 (1.73)
Hue B
8.30 (2.71)
6.84 (1.18)
4.84 (1.10)
9.91 (3.49)
4.51 (1.10)
Hue C
3.89 (1.13)
6.27 (1.48)
3.23 (0.83)
5.41 (0.95)
3.10 (0.85)
Hue D
6.89 (1.41)
8.80 (1.77)
13.07 (2.39)
10.43 (3.69)
7.38 (0.68)
Hue E
7.66 (1.43)
5.04 (1.35)
5.52 (1.39)
10.96 (3.40)
5.23 (0.90)
Hue F
7.77 (1.27)
14.84 (4.08)
7.93 (2.74)
7.79 (2.29)
9.22 (3.42)
Table 6
Mean CCI Results for All Color Series under Four Illumination Changes Averaged across Seven Observersa
Series
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
0.65
1.07
1.08
0.95
Sat. B
0.89
0.98
0.92
0.96
Sat. C
0.78
0.79
1.03
0.91
Sat. D
0.96
0.86
0.77
0.94
Sat. E
1.00
0.90
0.70
0.95
Sat. F
1.09
1.13
0.78
1.00
Sat. G
0.85
0.78
1.05
1.09
Hue A
0.80
0.77
0.92
0.88
Hue B
1.03
1.13
0.95
1.08
Hue C
0.81
0.91
0.79
1.01
Hue D
1.15
0.93
0.90
0.81
Hue E
1.11
0.86
0.85
0.88
Hue F
0.75
0.86
1.00
0.95
Mean All Sat.
0.89
0.93
0.90
0.97
Mean All Hue
0.94
0.91
0.90
0.94
The final two rows give the overall mean CCI results averaged over all saturation series and hue series.
Table 7
Mean BR Indices for All Color Series under Illumination Changes Averaged across Seven Observersa
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
0.09
0.61
0.71
0.57
Sat. B
0.50
0.81
0.86
0.88
Sat. C
0.43
0.57
0.76
0.73
Sat. D
0.79
0.81
0.78
0.91
Sat. E
0.81
0.92
0.73
0.97
Sat. F
0.83
0.88
0.66
0.83
Sat. G
0.72
0.85
0.86
0.91
Hue A
0.64
0.74
0.78
0.83
Hue B
0.78
0.85
0.76
0.88
Hue C
0.84
0.92
0.85
0.92
Hue D
0.60
0.48
0.74
0.81
Hue E
0.88
0.88
0.69
0.87
Hue F
0.48
0.71
0.73
0.66
Mean All Sat.
0.60
0.78
0.76
0.83
Mean All Hue
0.70
0.76
0.76
0.83
The final two rows give the overall mean BR results averaged over all saturation series and hue series.
Tables (7)
Table 1
Measured CIE Yxy Chromaticities for the Five Experimental Illuminations
Illumination
Chromaticity
Y
X
y
D65
7.82
0.3128
0.3307
D40
7.62
0.3807
0.3835
D145
7.88
0.2637
0.2717
Red
7.41
0.341
0.2868
Green
7.48
0.2782
0.3815
Table 2
Measured CIE Luv Lightness (L), Hue (H), and Saturation (S) Values under D65 Illumination for All Surfaces in the Seven Saturation Series, Together with the CIE Luv Color Differences (Delta E) between Each Test and Reference Patcha
Label
Saturation Series A
Saturation Series B
Saturation Series C
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
72.99
6.25
0.57
69.86
0.73
0.94
65.95
5.91
0.66
1
71.90
6.24
0.29
20.28
70.13
0.67
0.56
26.00
64.43
6.15
0.21
30.80
2
73.37
6.29
0.35
15.47
70.33
0.69
0.62
22.26
64.25
6.11
0.25
27.88
3
71.27
6.26
0.36
16.04
69.44
0.72
0.65
20.27
64.29
6.06
0.27
26.54
4
71.76
6.27
0.40
12.54
69.55
0.74
0.72
15.53
64.60
6.03
0.31
24.04
5
72.19
6.27
0.44
9.89
69.60
0.74
0.74
13.96
64.98
6.01
0.36
20.51
6
71.92
6.27
0.48
6.97
69.52
0.76
0.80
10.06
65.17
5.98
0.39
18.38
7
69.31
0.74
0.81
9.41
65.76
5.95
0.43
15.18
8
73.22
6.25
0.52
3.39
70.96
0.76
0.86
4.88
65.45
5.94
0.50
11.18
9
74.05
6.25
0.62
4.80
69.51
0.74
0.88
3.99
65.70
5.93
0.54
8.01
10
72.52
6.25
0.68
7.74
66.28
5.91
0.60
3.91
11
73.03
6.26
0.74
12.37
70.60
0.77
0.98
4.47
12
72.27
6.26
0.79
15.66
69.80
0.76
1.01
5.41
65.16
5.91
0.72
3.13
13
73.35
6.25
0.82
18.84
68.85
0.76
1.08
9.27
66.68
5.88
0.75
6.46
14
75.19
6.24
0.89
25.95
69.88
0.79
1.09
11.76
66.12
5.87
0.83
11.12
15
74.09
6.21
0.93
27.84
68.88
0.77
1.13
12.86
67.06
5.87
0.88
15.29
16
75.45
6.22
0.95
30.14
69.21
0.79
1.17
16.23
67.08
5.85
0.96
20.81
Label
Saturation Series D
Saturation Series E
Saturation Series F
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
57.73
1.32
0.71
58.75
0.87
0.96
56.78
3.52
0.40
1
55.78
1.26
0.33
22.72
60.24
0.92
0.22
43.19
55.86
3.67
0.14
15.05
2
56.78
1.33
0.34
21.71
57.22
0.87
0.36
35.83
56.35
3.71
0.17
13.43
3
56.30
1.36
0.41
18.00
56.98
0.87
0.41
33.09
56.29
3.62
0.22
10.47
4
58.29
1.36
0.43
15.98
56.54
0.87
0.46
30.47
56.64
3.60
0.26
8.12
5
57.65
1.29
0.45
15.08
57.46
0.87
0.52
26.55
57.29
3.57
0.29
6.20
6
57.41
1.33
0.52
11.15
57.24
0.89
0.62
20.98
56.70
3.55
0.34
3.49
7
58.66
1.41
0.54
9.90
58.29
0.86
0.66
17.94
56.46
3.53
0.42
1.08
8
58.85
1.39
0.57
7.96
58.06
0.85
0.73
14.07
56.86
3.52
0.48
4.58
9
57.49
1.33
0.58
7.66
60.82
0.87
0.78
9.20
56.54
3.50
0.51
6.15
10
58.13
1.36
0.66
3.09
57.47
0.89
0.78
11.69
56.54
3.49
0.58
10.12
11
56.82
1.38
0.71
2.68
57.85
0.84
0.85
7.45
56.73
3.48
0.61
11.95
12
57.36
1.38
0.76
3.65
57.64
0.84
0.90
4.93
57.14
3.49
0.64
13.89
13
57.34
1.42
0.76
4.97
59.81
0.90
0.95
2.05
57.12
3.48
0.67
15.61
14
56.18
1.41
0.85
8.00
57.32
0.86
1.02
2.58
56.30
3.47
0.74
19.02
15
56.16
1.40
0.90
10.35
57.91
0.85
1.02
3.03
55.51
3.46
0.81
22.37
16
55.81
1.42
0.96
13.57
58.17
0.87
1.05
4.71
55.34
3.46
0.82
22.79
Label
Saturation Series G
Label
Saturation Series G, cont.
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
59.53
1.61
0.55
9
58.44
1.67
0.56
2.25
1
57.59
1.26
0.25
19.94
10
59.03
1.66
0.60
3.21
2
56.90
1.43
0.28
17.50
11
58.96
1.69
0.62
4.75
3
57.75
1.46
0.32
14.84
12
58.42
1.70
0.65
6.22
4
57.83
1.54
0.34
13.31
13
57.45
1.72
0.71
9.23
5
60.10
1.55
0.35
11.83
14
57.56
1.74
0.73
10.64
6
57.92
1.65
0.46
6.42
15
57.61
1.74
0.80
14.40
7
57.48
1.63
0.49
5.05
16
56.87
1.77
0.85
17.05
8
58.77
1.67
0.52
2.99
The best match to the reference surface is indicated in bold; note that slight variations in printing and measurement error contribute to a very small but nonzero color difference between the reference surface and the matching test surface under the test illumination.
Table 3
Measured CIE Luv Lightness (L), Hue (H), and Saturation Values under D65 Illumination for All Six Hue Series, Together with the CIE Luv Color Differences (DeltaE) between Each Test and Reference Surfacea
Label
Hue Series A
Hue Series B
Hue Series C
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
71.11
5.94
0.55
65.95
6.18
0.43
64.89
3.90
0.19
1
72.37
6.59
0.59
26.49
64.60
6.84
0.41
17.99
64.49
4.68
0.27
12.25
2
73.27
6.50
0.60
23.65
64.59
6.76
0.42
16.05
64.01
4.54
0.26
10.03
3
73.50
6.42
0.61
20.98
65.13
6.68
0.44
14.22
64.47
4.46
0.22
7.55
4
72.53
6.35
0.62
18.23
64.53
6.60
0.45
12.16
63.33
4.21
0.22
4.62
5
72.94
6.28
0.61
15.22
65.44
6.50
0.46
9.58
63.56
4.06
0.22
2.98
6
73.18
6.24
0.66
16.05
64.98
6.40
0.45
6.55
63.67
3.89
0.21
1.61
7
72.17
6.18
0.65
12.93
64.78
6.27
0.44
2.82
63.44
3.68
0.21
3.32
8
72.45
6.13
0.64
10.94
64.46
6.17
0.42
1.99
63.89
3.53
0.19
4.61
9
71.49
6.05
0.60
5.89
65.03
6.06
0.42
3.62
64.23
3.38
0.20
6.52
10
71.38
6.00
0.62
5.72
64.97
5.96
0.41
6.35
64.36
3.29
0.20
7.60
11
70.55
5.94
0.58
1.89
64.41
5.85
0.40
9.38
65.25
3.08
0.19
9.86
12
70.75
5.89
0.56
2.06
64.89
5.76
0.39
11.63
64.50
3.00
0.20
10.99
13
69.77
5.83
0.54
4.65
64.56
5.64
0.39
14.67
64.84
2.77
0.18
12.86
14
70.46
5.78
0.52
6.57
65.52
5.55
0.38
16.83
65.49
2.65
0.19
14.51
15
71.03
5.72
0.50
8.94
65.41
5.47
0.37
18.69
65.75
2.42
0.18
16.32
16
71.25
5.65
0.49
11.47
65.69
5.36
0.37
21.32
65.71
2.21
0.17
17.61
Label
Hue Series D
Hue Series E
Hue Series F
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
L
H
S
DeltaE
Ref.
57.78
6.45
0.65
59.49
2.83
0.39
57.51
5.14
0.40
1
56.82
6.90
0.68
17.06
56.98
3.33
0.40
11.66
56.56
5.48
0.46
8.86
2
56.89
6.81
0.68
13.72
57.29
3.18
0.41
8.43
56.36
5.31
0.44
4.58
3
56.66
6.75
0.69
11.61
57.46
3.06
0.40
5.68
55.85
5.18
0.42
1.96
4
56.58
6.70
0.70
9.91
57.36
2.94
0.43
3.69
55.95
5.07
0.42
2.31
5
57.19
6.62
0.68
6.65
57.84
2.81
0.40
1.72
56.22
5.03
0.40
2.86
6
56.28
6.54
0.68
3.79
57.29
2.70
0.44
4.33
55.75
4.91
0.39
5.57
7
55.83
6.45
0.68
1.99
58.42
2.59
0.42
5.96
55.62
4.74
0.37
9.18
8
56.49
6.36
0.65
3.68
57.79
2.45
0.41
9.03
56.10
4.65
0.35
10.94
9
54.90
6.30
0.68
6.31
58.15
2.32
0.41
11.96
56.46
4.43
0.32
15.04
10
55.02
6.19
0.64
10.21
58.22
2.19
0.41
14.87
55.14
4.25
0.30
18.15
11
55.47
6.10
0.65
13.22
58.06
2.05
0.43
18.44
55.47
4.05
0.29
21.21
12
55.56
6.00
0.67
16.95
58.00
1.92
0.42
20.98
56.42
3.95
0.26
22.24
13
55.96
5.91
0.65
19.95
57.86
1.81
0.43
23.57
55.74
3.78
0.25
24.34
14
55.70
5.83
0.65
22.75
58.22
1.57
0.44
28.85
56.64
3.60
0.22
25.84
15
55.41
5.74
0.68
26.37
58.17
1.41
0.48
33.54
56.70
3.30
0.22
28.95
16
55.78
5.68
0.69
28.75
58.12
1.33
0.50
35.91
56.87
3.11
0.21
30.26
The best match to the reference surface is indicated in bold; note that slight variations in printing and measurement error contribute to a very small but nonzero color difference between the reference surface and the matching test surface under the test illumination.
Table 4
Estimated Munsell Color Notations of Reference Surfaces for All Seven Saturation (Sat.) Series and Six Hue Series
Reference
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Sat. Series
2.5GY
10YR 6/6
7.5GY 6/6
10R 5/4
7.5R
10B 5/2
2.5R 5/4
Hue Series
7.5GY
5GY 6/4
7.5BG 6/2
10Y 5/4
2.5P
5G 5/4
Table 5
Mean Matching Errors and Their Standard Deviation of Mean (SDM) Values for All Color Series under All Five Illuminations Averaged across All Seven Observers, Reported in CIE Luv Units
Series
D65
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
16.57 (3.12)
26.74 (3.59)
12.65 (2.03)
13.12 (4.24)
19.29 (2.12)
Sat. B
7.18 (1.63)
12.84 (1.71)
6.96 (1.42)
8.25 (1.59)
7.13 (0.81)
Sat. C
9.10 (2.26)
14.25 (4.28)
10.90 (1.46)
8.38 (1.91)
9.27 (2.16)
Sat. D
8.23 (1.59)
6.70 (1.18)
7.22 (2.40)
10.47 (2.82)
4.67 (0.40)
Sat. E
4.32 (1.21)
4.33 (0.50)
3.39 (0.82)
14.42 (5.27)
1.77 (0.13)
Sat. F
11.21 (2.51)
6.28 (0.95)
4.28 (0.49)
10.31 (2.24)
5.10 (1.81)
Sat. G
7.91 (2.39)
9.94 (0.99)
7.22 (0.96)
6.37 (1.22)
4.44 (0.82)
Hue A
7.98 (1.65)
10.85 (1.87)
7.67 (1.85)
8.72 (2.29)
6.23 (1.73)
Hue B
8.30 (2.71)
6.84 (1.18)
4.84 (1.10)
9.91 (3.49)
4.51 (1.10)
Hue C
3.89 (1.13)
6.27 (1.48)
3.23 (0.83)
5.41 (0.95)
3.10 (0.85)
Hue D
6.89 (1.41)
8.80 (1.77)
13.07 (2.39)
10.43 (3.69)
7.38 (0.68)
Hue E
7.66 (1.43)
5.04 (1.35)
5.52 (1.39)
10.96 (3.40)
5.23 (0.90)
Hue F
7.77 (1.27)
14.84 (4.08)
7.93 (2.74)
7.79 (2.29)
9.22 (3.42)
Table 6
Mean CCI Results for All Color Series under Four Illumination Changes Averaged across Seven Observersa
Series
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
0.65
1.07
1.08
0.95
Sat. B
0.89
0.98
0.92
0.96
Sat. C
0.78
0.79
1.03
0.91
Sat. D
0.96
0.86
0.77
0.94
Sat. E
1.00
0.90
0.70
0.95
Sat. F
1.09
1.13
0.78
1.00
Sat. G
0.85
0.78
1.05
1.09
Hue A
0.80
0.77
0.92
0.88
Hue B
1.03
1.13
0.95
1.08
Hue C
0.81
0.91
0.79
1.01
Hue D
1.15
0.93
0.90
0.81
Hue E
1.11
0.86
0.85
0.88
Hue F
0.75
0.86
1.00
0.95
Mean All Sat.
0.89
0.93
0.90
0.97
Mean All Hue
0.94
0.91
0.90
0.94
The final two rows give the overall mean CCI results averaged over all saturation series and hue series.
Table 7
Mean BR Indices for All Color Series under Illumination Changes Averaged across Seven Observersa
D145
D40
Red
Green
Sat. A
0.09
0.61
0.71
0.57
Sat. B
0.50
0.81
0.86
0.88
Sat. C
0.43
0.57
0.76
0.73
Sat. D
0.79
0.81
0.78
0.91
Sat. E
0.81
0.92
0.73
0.97
Sat. F
0.83
0.88
0.66
0.83
Sat. G
0.72
0.85
0.86
0.91
Hue A
0.64
0.74
0.78
0.83
Hue B
0.78
0.85
0.76
0.88
Hue C
0.84
0.92
0.85
0.92
Hue D
0.60
0.48
0.74
0.81
Hue E
0.88
0.88
0.69
0.87
Hue F
0.48
0.71
0.73
0.66
Mean All Sat.
0.60
0.78
0.76
0.83
Mean All Hue
0.70
0.76
0.76
0.83
The final two rows give the overall mean BR results averaged over all saturation series and hue series.