A. Eisner and D. I. A. MacLeod, "Flicker photometric study of chromatic adaptation: selective suppression of cone inputs by colored backgrounds," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 705-718 (1981)
Flicker photometric equivalence is both additive and transitive when the test and standard are alternated upon a relatively more intense colored background. When the balance of red versus green cone excitation from the background is unequal, the contribution of one cone type to flicker photometric spectral sensitivity may be depressed in relation to that of the other by at least 1 order of magnitude more than Weber’s law predicts. The resultant spectral sensitivity is determined predominantly by only one class of cone. The cone spectral sensitivities of normals are then seen to be the same as those of dichromats, although there is some individual variation. A model is developed to explain this surprising phenomenon.
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The Ratio wGμ/wRμ for Different Backgrounds, Where FPSμ(λ) is Modeled by wRμR(λ) + wGμG(λ) with Vos and Walraven’s R(λ) and G(λ), Normalized to Reflect the Relative Contributions to the CIE Standard Luminosity Functiona
The rms column shows the rms deviations, in log units, of the data from the additive model using the entries in the wGμ/wRμ column. Test wavelengths ranged from 520 nm to λL in 10-nm steps for each background. Runs column shows the number of sessions used in computing FPSμ(λ). R(μ)/G(μ) shows the ratio of the cone sensitivities at the background wavelength. Final column tests Eq. (1) (see text), which predicts constant values.
NB, no background.
Table 2
Flicker Photometric Spectral Sensitivity for All Seven Observers with a 500-nm Background [FPS500(λ)]a
λ
AE
MH
LF
HO
CT
Mean
S.D.
R(λ)
RM
JW
Mean
520
0.322
0.348
0.259
0.326
0.306
0.314
0.030
0.279
0.260
0.265
0.263
530
0.386
0.389
0.368
0.397
0.385
0.386
0.011
0.377
0.324
0.324
0.324
540
0.429
0.424
0.421
0.443
0.428
0.430
0.007
0.436
0.366
0.342
0.354
550
0.467
0.467
0.474
0.476
0.466
0.470
0.005
0.469
0.400
0.400
0.400
560
0.485
0.480
0.482
0.479
0.484
0.482
0.007
0.487
0.406
0.418
0.412
570
0.480
0.475
0.472
0.476
0.494
0.479
0.009
0.489
0.410
0.419
0.415
580
0.457
0.452
0.449
0.457
0.466
0.456
0.006
0.474
0.394
0.395
0.395
590
0.437
0.436
0.424
0.409
0.426
0.426
0.011
0.441
0.372
0.375
0.374
600
0.383
0.372
0.385
0.379
0.387
0.381
0.006
0.390
0.338
0.346
0.342
610
0.316
0.311
0.323
0.307
0.319
0.315
0.006
0.316
0.277
0.274
0.276
620
0.211
0.217
0.223
0.208
0.218
0.215
0.006
0.214
0.189
0.184
0.187
630
0.078
0.081
0.100
0.082
0.064
0.081
0.013
0.070
0.070
0.076
0.073
640
−0.092
−0.081
−0.070
−0.088
−0.094
−0.088
0.010
−0.102
−0.110
−0.084
−0.097
650
−0.317
−0.303
−0.285
−0.305
–
−0.303
0.013
−0.310
−0.307
−0.301
−0.303
Background was 350 td for MH, LF, and RM; 600 td for JW and CT; 990 td for HO; and 2820 td for AE. Data are divided by subjects into two clusters. FPS500(λ) is equated for the two clusters at λ = 650 nm. S.D. is standard deviation between observers. All entries are in log units.
Table 3
Mean Stimulus Phase Shift Δψ Required by AE in Adjusting Both Test Intensity and Temporal Phase Difference between Test and 589-nm Standard in Order to Eliminate Subjective Flickera
Background Test
500 nm, 700 td
574 nm, 460 td
619 nm, 870 td
619 nm, 3500 td
656 nm, 780 td
500
4° ± 1.3°
1° ± 1°
−4° ± 1.6°
−3° ± 0.3°
0° ± 0.4°
620
–
–
–
6° ± 1.3°
–
650
−2° ± 1.2°
0° ± 1.6°
4° ± 1.9°
–
−3° ± 0.6°
SEM are computed from intrasession data. There were four observations for each background except for μ = 500 nm, for which there were eight. Flicker rate was 15 Hz.
Tables (3)
Table 1
The Ratio wGμ/wRμ for Different Backgrounds, Where FPSμ(λ) is Modeled by wRμR(λ) + wGμG(λ) with Vos and Walraven’s R(λ) and G(λ), Normalized to Reflect the Relative Contributions to the CIE Standard Luminosity Functiona
The rms column shows the rms deviations, in log units, of the data from the additive model using the entries in the wGμ/wRμ column. Test wavelengths ranged from 520 nm to λL in 10-nm steps for each background. Runs column shows the number of sessions used in computing FPSμ(λ). R(μ)/G(μ) shows the ratio of the cone sensitivities at the background wavelength. Final column tests Eq. (1) (see text), which predicts constant values.
NB, no background.
Table 2
Flicker Photometric Spectral Sensitivity for All Seven Observers with a 500-nm Background [FPS500(λ)]a
λ
AE
MH
LF
HO
CT
Mean
S.D.
R(λ)
RM
JW
Mean
520
0.322
0.348
0.259
0.326
0.306
0.314
0.030
0.279
0.260
0.265
0.263
530
0.386
0.389
0.368
0.397
0.385
0.386
0.011
0.377
0.324
0.324
0.324
540
0.429
0.424
0.421
0.443
0.428
0.430
0.007
0.436
0.366
0.342
0.354
550
0.467
0.467
0.474
0.476
0.466
0.470
0.005
0.469
0.400
0.400
0.400
560
0.485
0.480
0.482
0.479
0.484
0.482
0.007
0.487
0.406
0.418
0.412
570
0.480
0.475
0.472
0.476
0.494
0.479
0.009
0.489
0.410
0.419
0.415
580
0.457
0.452
0.449
0.457
0.466
0.456
0.006
0.474
0.394
0.395
0.395
590
0.437
0.436
0.424
0.409
0.426
0.426
0.011
0.441
0.372
0.375
0.374
600
0.383
0.372
0.385
0.379
0.387
0.381
0.006
0.390
0.338
0.346
0.342
610
0.316
0.311
0.323
0.307
0.319
0.315
0.006
0.316
0.277
0.274
0.276
620
0.211
0.217
0.223
0.208
0.218
0.215
0.006
0.214
0.189
0.184
0.187
630
0.078
0.081
0.100
0.082
0.064
0.081
0.013
0.070
0.070
0.076
0.073
640
−0.092
−0.081
−0.070
−0.088
−0.094
−0.088
0.010
−0.102
−0.110
−0.084
−0.097
650
−0.317
−0.303
−0.285
−0.305
–
−0.303
0.013
−0.310
−0.307
−0.301
−0.303
Background was 350 td for MH, LF, and RM; 600 td for JW and CT; 990 td for HO; and 2820 td for AE. Data are divided by subjects into two clusters. FPS500(λ) is equated for the two clusters at λ = 650 nm. S.D. is standard deviation between observers. All entries are in log units.
Table 3
Mean Stimulus Phase Shift Δψ Required by AE in Adjusting Both Test Intensity and Temporal Phase Difference between Test and 589-nm Standard in Order to Eliminate Subjective Flickera
Background Test
500 nm, 700 td
574 nm, 460 td
619 nm, 870 td
619 nm, 3500 td
656 nm, 780 td
500
4° ± 1.3°
1° ± 1°
−4° ± 1.6°
−3° ± 0.3°
0° ± 0.4°
620
–
–
–
6° ± 1.3°
–
650
−2° ± 1.2°
0° ± 1.6°
4° ± 1.9°
–
−3° ± 0.6°
SEM are computed from intrasession data. There were four observations for each background except for μ = 500 nm, for which there were eight. Flicker rate was 15 Hz.