Spectrum and energy levels of four-times-ionized niobium

David T. Kagan; John G. Conway; Erna Meinders

doi:10.1364/JOSA.71.001193

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 71,
Issue 10,
pp. 1193-1196
(1981)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.71.001193

Spectrum and energy levels of four-times-ionized niobium

David T. Kagan, John G. Conway, and Erna Meinders

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David T. Kagan, John G. Conway, and Erna Meinders, "Spectrum and energy levels of four-times-ionized niobium," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 1193-1196 (1981)

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Abstract

The 4p⁶nl spectrum of Nb⁴⁺ was measured and analyzed. The spectrum was excited in a vacuum sliding spark source with a peak current of 800 A and a pulse width of 70 μsec. The analysis of the spectrum has extended the 12 known lines to 84 and the 10 known levels to 30. The ionization energy was calculated to be 407897 ± 40 cm⁻¹. There is strong evidence that the 4p⁵4d² configuration interacts strongly with the 4p⁶nf configuration. In addition, the hyperfine splitting of the 4p⁶6s level has been observed and measured to be 1.1 cm⁻¹.

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Spectrograph	Location^a	Wavelengths (Å)	Grating (lines/mm)	Plate Factor (Å/mm)	Plates	Standards
McPherson 247 2.2-m grazing-incidence vacuum	LBL	200–700	1200	~1.0	Kodak 10105	Si iv, O iii, O iv
McPherson 241 3-m normal-incidence vacuum	LBL	600–2800	1200	~2.8	Kodak SWR	Cu ii
Jarrell-Ash 3.4-m Ebert	LBL	2500–4800	600	~5.0	Kodak 103aO	Th i, Th ii
		4500–7000	600	~5.0	Kodak 103aF	Th i, Th ii
		2500–4550	300	~0.5^b	Kodak 103aO	Th i, Th ii
6.65-m normal-incidence vacuum	ZL	200–700	2400	~0.6	Kodak SWR	Cu iii
		700–1250	2400	~0.6	Ilford Q2	Cu ii, Cu iii
		1200–2300	1200	~1.2	Ilford Q2	Cu ii
Jarrell-Ash 3.4-m Ebert	ZL	2000–2800	600	~2.5^c	Ilford Q2	Cu ii

Assigned Transition [Odd (left), Even (right)]	Wave-number (cm⁻¹)^a	Wavelength (Å)^b	Relative Intensity^c
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	18822.90	5311.200	50
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	18917.69	5284.587	10
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	19066.76	5243.270	70
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	19355.80	5164.971	40
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	19362.38	5136.216	60
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	19624.53	5094.243	10
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	19719.20	5069.786	40
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {}^{2}G$	19924.52	5017.542	70
6h ²H∘–7i²I	20345.41	4913.741	100
7h ²H∘–6g²G	20854.77	4793.725	100
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	22009.62	4542.195	90
	22010.88	4541.935	90
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 8 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	23096.14	4328.510	40
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	23526.64	4249.304	100
	23527.62	4249.128	100
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 8 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	23897.76	4183.313	20
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	24170.39	4136.127	30
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {}^{2}G$	25001.61	3998.611	40
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 g {}^{2}G$	29259.28	3416.74	20
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	30090.98	3322.30	10
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	33837.8	2954.40	10
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	34100.64	2931.638	60
6h ²H∘–5g²G	34413.01	2905.026	100
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	34670.58	2883.444	90b
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	35140.21	2844.906	50
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	35402.38	2823.838	90
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	36657.09	2727.177	80
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	38812.56	2575.714	70
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	39784.94	2512.757	90
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	40328.9z	2478.862	40
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	42712.7z	2340.507	40
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	44229.5z	2260.235	20
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	53265.7z	1877.378	80
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	56870.1z	1758.393	100
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	64931.1z	1540.093	50
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	65496.5z	1526.799	30b
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	66041.8z	1514.193	40
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	71903.0	1390.76	10
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	72023.4	1388.44	40
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	73828.8	1354.49	20
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 g {}^{2}G$	74182.9	1348.02	10
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	77485.7	1290.56	3
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 8 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	77856.2	1284.42	6
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	78288.4	1277.33	6
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	78892.8z	1267.543	50
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 8 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	79370.7	1259.91	3
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	79437.4z	1258.853	90
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {}^{2}G$	81697.0z	1224.035	70
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	81835.0z	1221.971	60
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	82498.6z	1212.142	80
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	94294	1060.51	15
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	94548	1057.66	20
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	95696.1z	1044.975	70
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	99301.6z	1007.033	90b
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	109029	917.19	10
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	109569.7z	912.661	20
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	109857.5z	910.270	30
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 g {}^{2}G$	115520.1z	865.650	10
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	115658.2z	864.617	5
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	129195.0z	774.024	90
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	130932.7z	763.751	100
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	132800.2z	753.011	70
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 g {}^{2}G$	135957.9z	735.522	6
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 g {{}^{2}G}_{7 / 2}$	136097.6z	734.767	3
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	154365.3z	647.814	5
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	154627.4z	646.716	20
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 6 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	157969.8z	633.032	15
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	161936.8z	617.525	10
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 7 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	165541.1z	604.080	5
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	174578z	572.807	15
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 5 s {{}^{2}S}_{1 / 2}$	176094z	567.879	20
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	213391z	468.623	50
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	213530z	468.318	100
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	215258z	464.559	90
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	250157z	399.749	50
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	250508z	399.189	40
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	252024z	396.788	20
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	275301z	363.239	50
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	275871z	362.488	20
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	277737z	360.052	80b
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	304922	327.953	20
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	305989	326.809	10
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	306794	325.952	1
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{3 / 2}$	319397	313.090	10
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	320222	312.283	50
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ} - 4 d {{}^{2}D}_{5 / 2}$	321255	311.279	50

Level	Energy (cm⁻¹)	n^a	Fine-Structure Interval (cm⁻¹)
4d ²D_3/2	0	2.59341	1867.4
4d²D_5/2	1867.4	2.59936	1867.4
5s ²S_1/2	75929.6	2.87474
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ}$	129195.2	3.13744	3604.8
$5 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ}$	132800.0	3.15793	3604.8
5d ²D_3/2	211694.0	3.73932	544.4
5d ²D_5/2	212238.4	3.74452	544.4
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ}$	215259.1	3.77377	138.4
$4 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ}$	215397.5	3.77512	138.4
6s ²S_1/2 (F = 4)	228495.7
6s ²S_1/2	228496.3	3.91051	1.1^a
6s ²S_1/2 (F = 5)	228496.8
$6 s {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ}$	250506.5	4.17500	1516.8
$6 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ}$	252023.3	4.19527	1516.8
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ}$	277169.7	4.58103	−568.6
$5 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ}$	277738.3	4.59102	−568.6
6d ²D_3/2	287163.6	4.76686	262.0
6d ²D_5/2	287425.6	4.77204	262.0
7s ²S_1/2	294736.0	4.92377
5g ²G_7/2,9/2	297094.2	4.97589
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{1 / 2}^{\circ}$	305986.5	5.18844	801.6
$7 p {{}^{2}P}_{3 / 2}^{\circ}$	306788.1	5.20896	801.6
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{5 / 2}^{\circ}$	321264.4	5.62737	831.5
$6 f {{}^{2}F}_{7 / 2}^{\circ}$	322095.9	5.65457	831.5
7d ²D_3/2	325705.7	5.77741	149.1
7d ²D_5/2	325854.8	5.78265	149.1
8s ²S_1/2	329884.2	5.93011
6g ²G_7/2,9/2	330917.5	5.96978
$6 h {{}^{2}H}_{9 / 2, 11 / 2}^{\circ}$	331507.2	5.99278
7g ²G_7/2,9/2	351355.3	6.96565
$7 h ²_{9 / 2, 11 / 2}^{\circ}$	351772.2	6.99147
7i ²I_11/2,13/2	351852.6	6.99648

Levels Used for Calculation	Ionization Energy (cm⁻¹)
6s, 7s, 8s	407613
5p, 6p, 7p	407469
5d, 6d, 7d	407554
4f, 5f, 6f	431515
5g, 6g, 7g	407863
6h, 7h, 7i	407886^a
5g, 6g, 7g, 6h, 7h, 7i	407897^a

Spectrograph	Location^a	Wavelengths (Å)	Grating (lines/mm)	Plate Factor (Å/mm)	Plates	Standards
McPherson 247 2.2-m grazing-incidence vacuum	LBL	200–700	1200	~1.0	Kodak 10105	Si iv, O iii, O iv
McPherson 241 3-m normal-incidence vacuum	LBL	600–2800	1200	~2.8	Kodak SWR	Cu ii
Jarrell-Ash 3.4-m Ebert	LBL	2500–4800	600	~5.0	Kodak 103aO	Th i, Th ii
		4500–7000	600	~5.0	Kodak 103aF	Th i, Th ii
		2500–4550	300	~0.5^b	Kodak 103aO	Th i, Th ii
6.65-m normal-incidence vacuum	ZL	200–700	2400	~0.6	Kodak SWR	Cu iii
		700–1250	2400	~0.6	Ilford Q2	Cu ii, Cu iii
		1200–2300	1200	~1.2	Ilford Q2	Cu ii
Jarrell-Ash 3.4-m Ebert	ZL	2000–2800	600	~2.5^c	Ilford Q2	Cu ii

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Tables (4)

Journal of the Optical Society of America