Submillimeter wave spectroscopy of the atmosphere

J. E. Harries

doi:10.1364/JOSA.67.000880

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 67,
Issue 7,
pp. 880-893
(1977)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.67.000880

Submillimeter wave spectroscopy of the atmosphere

J. E. Harries

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J. E. Harries, "Submillimeter wave spectroscopy of the atmosphere," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67, 880-893 (1977)

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Abstract

A survey of the history and development of submillimeter atmospheric spectroscopy is presented up to and including the most recent activities and progress in the field. Our current understanding of the details of the spectrum and the information it can provide is discussed, and the paper concludes with some suggestions about future developments on the subject.

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Species	Transition wave number (cm⁻¹)	Transition identification	Transition line strength (cm⁻² atm⁻¹) at 300 K
H₂O¹⁶^(a)		$J_{τ^{'}}^{'} \to J_{τ^{″}}^{″}$
	10.91	5₋₄ 4₀	4.3 × 10⁻³
	12.67	3₁ 4₋₃	2.1 × 10⁻²
	14.98	3₃ 4₋₁	2.1 × 10⁻²
	18.58	1₋₁ 1₁	7.43 × 10⁻¹
	25.09	2₋₂ 2₀	5.98 × 10⁻¹
	30.48	3₂ 4₀	1.41 × 10⁻²
	32.28	4₂ 5₋₂	1. 85 × 10⁻²
	32.96	1₀ 2₋₂	3.43 × 10⁻¹
	36.61	3₋₃ 3₋₁	1.93
	37.14	0₀ 1₀	6.23 × 10⁻¹
	38.47	2₁ 3₋₁	2.82 × 10⁻¹
	38.63	5₃ 6₋₁	2.50 × 10⁻²
	38.79	3₋₁ 3₁	1.95
	40.25	4₋₂ 4₀	5.61 × 10⁻¹
	41.00	2₀ 2₂	5.11 × 10⁻¹
	44.13	5₁ 6₋₃	5.53 × 10⁻²
	47.05	5₋₃ 5₋₁	1.16
	47.96	6₀ 7₋₄	9.41 × 10⁻³
	53.44	4₋₄ 4₋₂	5.54 × 10⁻¹
	55.41	2₋₁ 2₁	1.51
	55.71	1₋₁ 2₋₁	3.73
	57.27	2₋₁ 3₋₃	3.28
	58.82	6₋₂ 6₀	1.86 × 10⁻¹
	58.95	6₂ 7₋₂	1.34 × 10⁻²
	59.79	6₋₄ 6₋₂	2.45 × 10⁻¹
	60.02	7₋₃ 7₋₁	2.96 × 10⁻¹
	62.29	5₋₁ 5₁	9. 81 × 10⁻¹
	62.89	7₃ 8₋₁	9.24 × 10⁻³
	64.01	4₁ 5₋₁	1.78 × 10⁻¹
	64.02	3₋₂ 3₀	6.47 × 10⁻¹
	65.87	8₃ 9₁	1. 68 × 10⁻³
	67.11	8₋₄ 8₋₂	3.78 × 10⁻²
	68.13	4₀ 4₂	4.52 × 10⁻¹
	69.19	3₀ 4₋₂	3.14 × 10⁻¹
	72.21	2₋₂ 3₋₂	1.85
	73.24	3₁ 3₃	1.40
	74.09	5₋₅ 5₋₃	1.50
	74.93	7₁ 8₋₃	4. 05 × 10⁻²
	75.55	4₋₃ 4₋₁	1.95
	77.52	9₋₃ 9₋₁	4.30 × 10⁻²
	78.21	7₋₅ 7₋₃	4. 87 × 10⁻¹
H₂O¹⁶^(a)		$J_{τ^{'}}^{'} \to J_{τ^{″}}^{″}$
	78.97	3₀ 3₂	4. 89 × 10⁻¹
	79.77	3₋₂ 4₋₄	1.86
	80.98	9₋₅ 9₃	1.44 × 10⁻¹
	81.68	8₋₂ 8₀	7.59 × 10⁻²
	82.11	4₋₁ 4₁	1.70
	84.49	8₀ 9₋₄	5.54 × 10⁻³
	85.60	6₁ 7₋₁	6.67 × 10⁻²
	87.88	5₋₂ 5₀	4. 64 × 10⁻¹
	88.06	3₋₃ 4₋₃	6.80
	88.87	7₋₁ 7₁	2.82 × 10⁻¹
	89.53	5₋₄ 5₋₂	2.42
	92.54	2₁ 1₁	2.91 × 10¹
	96.05	6₋₁ 6₋₃	5.01
	96.15	6₂ 6₀	9.57 × 10⁻¹
	96.21	6₋₄ 6₋₆	1.68
	98.67	6₋₂ 5₀	5.94 × 10⁻¹
	99.02	2₂ 1₀	9.27
	99.07	5₋₃ 4₋₁	1.05 × 10¹
	99.07	8₋₄ 8₋₆	4.41 × 10⁻¹
O₂¹⁶^(b)		J′, K′ → J″, K″
	12.292	1,1 2,3	6.2 × 10⁻⁷
	14.168	2,1 2,3	5.7 × 10⁻⁶
	16.253	2,1 3,3	2.1 × 10⁻⁶
	23.863	3,3 4,5	1.5 × 10⁻⁶
	25.812	4,3 4,5	8.7 × 10⁻⁶
	27.824	4,3 5,5	2.9 × 10⁻⁶
	35.394	5,5 6,7	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
	37.384	6,5 6,7	9.5 × 10⁻⁶
	39.538	6,5 7,7	2.9 × 10⁻⁶
	46.913	7,7 8,9	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
	48.929	8,7 8,9	8.3 × 10⁻⁶
	50.874	8,7 9,9	2.4 × 10⁻⁶
	58.418	9,9 10,11	1.4 × 10⁻⁶
	60.458	10,9 10,11	6.3 × 10⁻⁶
	62.379	10,9 11,11	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
O₃¹⁶		ΔJ_Δ_K₋₁(J_K₋₁)^c
	∼9.6	Q_R(J₁)	For strengths, see Ref. 4 (strengths complicated due to Q–branch blends)
	∼16.05	Q_R(J₂)
	21.85	Q_R(J₃)
	28.05	Q_R(J₄)
O₃¹⁶		ΔJ_Δ_K₋₁(J_K₋₁)^c
	34.30	Q_R(J₅)
	40.52	Q_R(J₆)
	46.67	Q_R(J₇)
	52.77	Q_R(J₈)
	58.87	Q_R(J₉)
	64.90	Q_R(J₁₀)
	70.88	Q_R(J₁₁)
	76.81	Q_R(J₁₂)
	82.68	Q_R(J₁₃)
	88.49	Q_R(J₁₄)

Molecular species		Detectable mixing ratio (conditions of observation)
	Wave number (cm⁻¹)	Typical line strength S (cm⁻¹) (mol cm⁻²)⁻¹	Emission 75° Δν = 0.2 cm⁻¹W = 5 × 10⁻³cm⁻¹ (1974)	Emission 90° Δν = 0.05 cm⁻¹W = 5 × 10⁻³cm⁻¹ (future)	Absorption 90° Δν = 0.05 cm⁻¹W = 2.5 × 10⁻⁴cm⁻¹ (future)	Typical mixing ratio
H₂O	30.56 (weak)	0.143 × 10⁻²⁰	6.5 × 10⁻⁷	4 × 10⁻⁸	4 × 10⁻⁹	1−3 × 10⁻⁶
O₃	54.214 (weak)	0.137 × 10⁻²⁰	6.75 × 10⁻⁷	4.2 × 10⁻⁸	4.2 × 10⁻⁹	7 × 10⁻⁶
HNO₃	∼32	6.2 × 10⁻²⁰	1.49 × 10⁻⁸	9.3 × 10⁻¹⁰	9.3 × 10⁻¹¹	5 × 10⁻⁹
HCl	41.7	1.5 × 10⁻¹⁸	6.17 × 10⁻¹⁰	3.9 × 10⁻¹¹	3.9 × 10⁻¹²	1.5 × 10⁻¹⁰
N₂O	∼18	4.1 × 10⁻²²	2.26 × 10⁻⁶	1.4 × 10⁻⁷	1.4 × 10⁻⁸	3 × 10⁻⁷
CO	50 – 60	1.1 × 10⁻²¹	8.4 × 10⁻⁷	5.3 × 10⁻⁸	5.3 × 10⁻⁹	10⁻⁷
NO₂	37.8	1.9 × 10⁻²⁰	4.9 × 10⁻⁸	3 × 10⁻⁹	3 × 10⁻¹⁰	2 − 6 × 10⁻⁹
CH₄	94.2	1.2 × 10⁻²³	7.7 × 10⁻⁵	4.8 × 10⁻⁶	4. 8 × 10⁻⁷	8 × 10⁻⁷
NO	∼30	7.4 × 10⁻²²	1.25 × 10⁻⁶	7.8 × 10⁻⁸	7.8 × 10⁻⁹	∼10⁻⁹
SO₂	28.8	8.8 × 10⁻²¹	1.1 × 10⁻⁷	6.6 × 10⁻⁹	6.6 × 10⁻¹⁰	1.6 × 10⁻¹⁰

Spectral region (cm⁻¹)	Constituent	Detected previously (see Ref. quoted)	Detection predicted (see Ref. quoted)	Estimated minimum detectable amounts at 25 km tangent height (by volume)
25.07	H₂O	31		10⁻⁹
21.5	O₃	31		10⁻⁸
16.45	HNO₃	31		5 × 10⁻¹⁰
37.76	NO₂	55		10⁻¹⁰
21.10	N₂O	31		10⁻⁸
15.35	CO	57		10⁻⁸
41.30	HF		79	2 × 10⁻¹¹
41.73	HCl		70,79	1 × 10⁻¹⁰
22.93	ClO		80	2 × 10⁻¹⁰
60.35	NH₃		79	2 × 10⁻¹¹

Initials	Establishment	Principal investigators
JH/U	Johns Hopkins University	H. A. Gebbie
EMI	Electrical and Musical Industries, UK	C. B. Farmer
NPL	National Physical Laboratory, UK	H. A. Gebbie, W. J. Burroughs, J. Chambelain, J. E. Harries
OP	Observatoire de Paris	P. J. Lena, J. Gay, J. P. Baluteau, E. Bussoletti
U/H	University of Hawaii	I. G. Nolt, W. M. Sinton
NCAR	National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado	W. G. Mankin
QMC	Queen Mary College, University of London	J. A. Bastin, D. H. Martin, J. E. Beckman, P. E. Clegg, B. Carli
CNR	National Research Council, Italy	F. Melchiorri
HAO	High Altitude Observatory (part of, NCAR), Boulder, Colorado	J. A. Eddy, R. M. Mac-Queen
NBS	National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado	H. A. Gebbie
AL	Appleton Laboratory, UK	H. A. Gebbie
U/O	University of Oregon	I, G. Nolt, R. J. Donnelly, J. Radostitz
ESA	European Space Agency (through the European Space Technology Center, ESTEC, Holland)	J. E. Beckman, M. Anderegg, and others
CNET	Centre National d’Etudes des Telecommunications, France	A. Marten
U/C	University of Calgary, Canada	T. A. Clark, D. J. W. Kendall

Species	Transition wave number (cm⁻¹)	Transition identification	Transition line strength (cm⁻² atm⁻¹) at 300 K
H₂O¹⁶^(a)		$J_{τ^{'}}^{'} \to J_{τ^{″}}^{″}$
	10.91	5₋₄ 4₀	4.3 × 10⁻³
	12.67	3₁ 4₋₃	2.1 × 10⁻²
	14.98	3₃ 4₋₁	2.1 × 10⁻²
	18.58	1₋₁ 1₁	7.43 × 10⁻¹
	25.09	2₋₂ 2₀	5.98 × 10⁻¹
	30.48	3₂ 4₀	1.41 × 10⁻²
	32.28	4₂ 5₋₂	1. 85 × 10⁻²
	32.96	1₀ 2₋₂	3.43 × 10⁻¹
	36.61	3₋₃ 3₋₁	1.93
	37.14	0₀ 1₀	6.23 × 10⁻¹
	38.47	2₁ 3₋₁	2.82 × 10⁻¹
	38.63	5₃ 6₋₁	2.50 × 10⁻²
	38.79	3₋₁ 3₁	1.95
	40.25	4₋₂ 4₀	5.61 × 10⁻¹
	41.00	2₀ 2₂	5.11 × 10⁻¹
	44.13	5₁ 6₋₃	5.53 × 10⁻²
	47.05	5₋₃ 5₋₁	1.16
	47.96	6₀ 7₋₄	9.41 × 10⁻³
	53.44	4₋₄ 4₋₂	5.54 × 10⁻¹
	55.41	2₋₁ 2₁	1.51
	55.71	1₋₁ 2₋₁	3.73
	57.27	2₋₁ 3₋₃	3.28
	58.82	6₋₂ 6₀	1.86 × 10⁻¹
	58.95	6₂ 7₋₂	1.34 × 10⁻²
	59.79	6₋₄ 6₋₂	2.45 × 10⁻¹
	60.02	7₋₃ 7₋₁	2.96 × 10⁻¹
	62.29	5₋₁ 5₁	9. 81 × 10⁻¹
	62.89	7₃ 8₋₁	9.24 × 10⁻³
	64.01	4₁ 5₋₁	1.78 × 10⁻¹
	64.02	3₋₂ 3₀	6.47 × 10⁻¹
	65.87	8₃ 9₁	1. 68 × 10⁻³
	67.11	8₋₄ 8₋₂	3.78 × 10⁻²
	68.13	4₀ 4₂	4.52 × 10⁻¹
	69.19	3₀ 4₋₂	3.14 × 10⁻¹
	72.21	2₋₂ 3₋₂	1.85
	73.24	3₁ 3₃	1.40
	74.09	5₋₅ 5₋₃	1.50
	74.93	7₁ 8₋₃	4. 05 × 10⁻²
	75.55	4₋₃ 4₋₁	1.95
	77.52	9₋₃ 9₋₁	4.30 × 10⁻²
	78.21	7₋₅ 7₋₃	4. 87 × 10⁻¹
H₂O¹⁶^(a)		$J_{τ^{'}}^{'} \to J_{τ^{″}}^{″}$
	78.97	3₀ 3₂	4. 89 × 10⁻¹
	79.77	3₋₂ 4₋₄	1.86
	80.98	9₋₅ 9₃	1.44 × 10⁻¹
	81.68	8₋₂ 8₀	7.59 × 10⁻²
	82.11	4₋₁ 4₁	1.70
	84.49	8₀ 9₋₄	5.54 × 10⁻³
	85.60	6₁ 7₋₁	6.67 × 10⁻²
	87.88	5₋₂ 5₀	4. 64 × 10⁻¹
	88.06	3₋₃ 4₋₃	6.80
	88.87	7₋₁ 7₁	2.82 × 10⁻¹
	89.53	5₋₄ 5₋₂	2.42
	92.54	2₁ 1₁	2.91 × 10¹
	96.05	6₋₁ 6₋₃	5.01
	96.15	6₂ 6₀	9.57 × 10⁻¹
	96.21	6₋₄ 6₋₆	1.68
	98.67	6₋₂ 5₀	5.94 × 10⁻¹
	99.02	2₂ 1₀	9.27
	99.07	5₋₃ 4₋₁	1.05 × 10¹
	99.07	8₋₄ 8₋₆	4.41 × 10⁻¹
O₂¹⁶^(b)		J′, K′ → J″, K″
	12.292	1,1 2,3	6.2 × 10⁻⁷
	14.168	2,1 2,3	5.7 × 10⁻⁶
	16.253	2,1 3,3	2.1 × 10⁻⁶
	23.863	3,3 4,5	1.5 × 10⁻⁶
	25.812	4,3 4,5	8.7 × 10⁻⁶
	27.824	4,3 5,5	2.9 × 10⁻⁶
	35.394	5,5 6,7	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
	37.384	6,5 6,7	9.5 × 10⁻⁶
	39.538	6,5 7,7	2.9 × 10⁻⁶
	46.913	7,7 8,9	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
	48.929	8,7 8,9	8.3 × 10⁻⁶
	50.874	8,7 9,9	2.4 × 10⁻⁶
	58.418	9,9 10,11	1.4 × 10⁻⁶
	60.458	10,9 10,11	6.3 × 10⁻⁶
	62.379	10,9 11,11	1.8 × 10⁻⁶
O₃¹⁶		ΔJ_Δ_K₋₁(J_K₋₁)^c
	∼9.6	Q_R(J₁)	For strengths, see Ref. 4 (strengths complicated due to Q–branch blends)
	∼16.05	Q_R(J₂)
	21.85	Q_R(J₃)
	28.05	Q_R(J₄)
O₃¹⁶		ΔJ_Δ_K₋₁(J_K₋₁)^c
	34.30	Q_R(J₅)
	40.52	Q_R(J₆)
	46.67	Q_R(J₇)
	52.77	Q_R(J₈)
	58.87	Q_R(J₉)
	64.90	Q_R(J₁₀)
	70.88	Q_R(J₁₁)
	76.81	Q_R(J₁₂)
	82.68	Q_R(J₁₃)
	88.49	Q_R(J₁₄)

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Journal of the Optical Society of America