W. C. Martin, "Energy Differences between Two Spectroscopic Systems in Neutral, Singly Ionized, and Doubly Ionized Lanthanide Atoms," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 1682-1686 (1971)
Energy differences of the type 4fN−15d–4fN (doubly ionized atoms), 4fN−15d6s–4fN6s (singly ionized atoms), and 4fN−15d6s2–4fN6s2 (neutral atoms) are important for the interpretation of rare-earth spectra. Here N = 1 for La, ⋯ 14 for Yb, and each configuration is represented by its lowest level in these system differences (SD). Nineteen of these differences are now known exactly from analyses of the spectra. Five additional SD values are approximately fixed by a combination of observation and calculation. Regularities deduced from these known values allow predictions for the remaining 18 SD values. The estimated probable error for most of the predictions is either 1000 or 1500 cm−1.
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System differences (SD) for neutral, singly ionized, and doubly ionized lanthanide atoms, in units of 1000 cm−1. The SD values that were fixed are in bold type; other quantities are given in bold type if they are determined by fixed SD values.
Reference 17. Because of strong configuration interaction, the calculated eigenvectors for La ii (5d + 6s)2 and Ce ii 4f(5d + 6s)2 must be consulted to determine the lowest levels that belong principally to La ii 5d6s and Ce ii 4f5d6s, respectively.
Reference 18.
Reference 14.
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See text under “Discussion.”
See text under “Method.”
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