Table 2
Tabulated data for the apparent frontal plane.
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) A. Ames, Jr. 40 cm fixation distance. Own Rx. (11 readings) | |
|
Lane | 16° | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° |
Reading—mm | | −5.72 | −4.37 | −1.17 | −0.41 | 0.31 | | 0.35 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 2.21 | 1.95 | |
Mean dev.± | | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.9 | |
% value from iso-mag. curve | | −2.28 | −1.00 | −0.45 | −0.10 | −0.90 | | 1.10 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 2.90 | 3.82 | |
% value of mean dev.± | | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.41 | | 0.48 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 0.37 | |
|
(b) K.N. Ogle 40 cm fixation distance. No Rx. (82 readings) |
|
Lane | 16° | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° |
Reading—mm | −5.45 | −3.20 | −1.35 | −0.19 | −0.26 | 0.11 | | −0.14 | −0.32 | −1.16 | −3.38 | −6.56 | −9.64 |
Mean dev.± | 1.45 | 0.82 | 0.48 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.12 | | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.59 | 0.89 | 1.62 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −3.73 | −2.75 | −1.84 | −1.02 | −0.85 | −0.60 | | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.47 | 1.29 | 2.15 | 3.25 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.34 | | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.22 |
|
(c) F.D. Comfort. 75.6 cm fixation distance. Own Rx. (5 readings) |
|
Lane | 16° | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° |
Reading—mm | −20.0 | −13.1 | −8.9 | −2.0 | −1.7 | −0.5 | | 0.4 | −1.2 | −3.8 | −10.9 | −18.2 | −23.1 |
Mean dev.± | 2.5 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.7 | | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 4.9 | 10.9 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −1.63 | −1.07 | −0.47 | −0.27 | 0.26 | 0.20 | | −0.14 | −0.12 | −0.03 | 0.30 | 0.83 | 1.53 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.48 | 0.43 | | 0.25 | 0.10 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.48 |
Table 3
The data obtained by K.N. Ogle using the Tschermak-Fischer binocular nonius method. No Rx. Fixation distance 40 cm (5 readings).
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −15.3 | −9.9 | −4.7 | −3.0 | −2.1 | | −2.0 | −2.4 | −3.7 | −5.3 | −9.3 |
Mean dev.± | 2.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.6 | 2.9 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | 0.39 | 0.60 | 1.61 | 2.90 | 4.30 | | −4.40 | −2.10 | −1.00 | 0.72 | 1.63 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.45 | 0.55 | 1.15 | 0.60 | 1.10 | | 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.55 |
Table 4
Grid-nonius longitudinal horopter data.
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) K.N. Ogle. No Rx 40 cm fixation distance eso-fixation disparity (15 readings) | |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −5.5 | −3.8 | −2.3 | −1.9 | −1.7 | | −1.4 | −2.1 | −2.7 | −4.1 | −8.1 |
Mean dev.± | 2.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 | | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 4.0 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −2.38 | −1.28 | 0.18 | 1.7 | 3.6 | | −2.85 | −1.83 | −0.45 | 1.07 | 1.88 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 0.68 | 1.0 | | 1.0 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.56 |
|
(b) F.D. Comfort. Own Rx 75.6 cm fixation distance exo-fixation disparity (5 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −7.40 | 0.50 | 6.10 | 5.80 | 6.20 | | 6.50 | 5.80 | 1.60 | −2.10 | −4.90 |
Mean dev.± | 5.75 | 6.61 | 3.61 | 1.05 | 2.49 | | 2.70 | 3.97 | 5.6 | 5.05 | 5.53 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −1.40 | −1.20 | −1.60 | −2.20 | −4.10 | | 4.40 | 2.20 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.60 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.31 | 0.60 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 1.55 | | 1.68 | 1.35 | 0.83 | 0.46 | 0.30 |
Table V
The grid-nonius longitudinal horopter data for K.N. Ogle in which an exo-fixation disparity was induced by the wearing of +2.13 Diopter spheres O.U. 40 cm fixation distance. (10 readings).
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −5.35 | −0.71 | −0.67 | 0.23 | 0.31 | | 1.47 | 1.92 | 2.45 | 2.62 | 1.19 |
Mean dev.± | 1.89 | 1.55 | 1.06 | 0.67 | 0.39 | | 0.42 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 1.76 | 2.55 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −2.40 | −2.08 | −0.75 | −0.80 | −1.05 | | 3.60 | 2.78 | 2.50 | 2.98 | 3.58 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 0.81 | 0.88 | | 0.95 | 0.60 | 0.31 | 0.51 | 0.68 |
Table 6
The experimental data of the region of binocular single vision in the determination of the longitudinal magnitudes of the fusional areas (Panum’s areas).
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) A. Ames, Jr., Own Rx. 40 cm fixation distance. The outer limits. (6 readings) | |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 1.3 | 4.0 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 7.1 | | 6.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 3.1 | 3.7 |
Mean dev.± | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −3.80 | −3.45 | −3.98 | −4.70 | −14.9 | | 15.6 | 8.40 | 4.90 | 3.30 | 4.40 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.34 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 1.57 | 2.03 | | 1.81 | 1.82 | 0.94 | 0.75 | 0.44 |
|
The inner limits (6 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −15.0 | −9.0 | −4.8 | −3.0 | −2.2 | | −1.8 | −2.2 | −3.4 | −5.9 | −10.6 |
Mean dev.± | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.1 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −0.75 | 0.20 | 1.60 | 3.27 | 4.85 | | −4.10 | −2.00 | −0.75 | 0.70 | 1.63 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.59 | 0.97 | 1.13 | | 1.58 | 1.21 | 0.77 | 0.55 | 0.59 |
|
(b) K.N. Ogle. 3% magnifier before O.D. 40 cm fixation distance. The outer limits (5 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 14.5 | 10.9 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 3.9 | | 1.2 | −0.6 | −4.1 | −11.0 | −20.2 |
Mean dev.± | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 4.0 |
% value from iso-mag. Curve | −6.10 | −5.28 | −4.95 | −6.20 | −9.65 | | 2.90 | −0.08 | −1.15 | −0.80 | −0.28 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 1.58 | | 1.36 | 1.09 | 1.24 | 0.78 | 0.76 |
|
The inner limits (6 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2.1 | −0.06 | −0.5 | | −3.2 | −5.7 | −10.2 | −21.2 | −33.4 |
Mean dev.± | 2.5 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.5 | | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
% value from iso-mag. Curve | −3.65 | −2.70 | −2.30 | −0.65 | −0.95 | | −6.80 | −5.80 | −4.60 | −3.88 | −2.90 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.48 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.97 | 1.13 | | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.28 |
Table 7
Monocular multiple partition measurements for K.N. Ogle fixation distance 40 cm H grid-nonius=0.113.
| Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
Wire number | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Position of wire—O.D.mm | −37.2 | −24.2 | −12.0 | | 11.3 | 22.7 | 34.0 |
Angles to O.D. α2 | −5.314° | −3.466° | −1.718° | | 1.613° | 3.256° | 4.853° |
Percent difference in angles from horopter | −1.051 | −0.684 | −0.339 | | 0.318 | 0.641 | 0.959 |
Corresponding angles α1 | −5.393° | −3.490° | −1.724° | | 1.608° | 3.235° | 4.807° |
Corrected exp. values—O.S. mm | −38.0 | −24.75 | −12.0 | | 11.45 | 23.0 | 34.8 |
Experimental angles α1 | −5.424° | −3.542° | −1.719° | | 1.639° | 3.291° | 4.910° |
Table 9
Tabulation of the experimental values of H, the quantitative measure of the Hering-Hillebrand deviation, for the apparent frontal plane and the grid-nonius longitudinal horopter.
Fixation distance | Apparent frontal plane | Grid-nonius horopter |
---|
(a) K.N. Ogle |
|
(0.164 D) 609 cm | 0.016 | — |
(1.33 D) 75.6 | 0.080 | 0.076 |
(2.50 D) 40.0 | 0.122 | 0.113 |
(5.00 D) 20.0 | 0.226 | 0.132 |
|
(b) A. Ames, Jr. |
|
(0.164 D) 609 cm | 0.013 | — |
(1.33 D) 75.6 | 0.070 | 0.046 |
(2.50 D) 40.0 | 0.136 | 0.091 |
(5.00 D) 20.0 | — | — |
|
(c) F. D. Comfort |
|
(0.164 D) 609 cm | 0.007 | — |
(1.33 D) 75.6 | 0.056 | 0.050 |
(2.50 D) 40.0 | 0.110 | 0.097 |
(5.00 D) 20.0 | 0.186 | 0.136 |
Table 10
Data for apparent frontal plane of Helmholtz and the computed value of H for each fixation distance.2a=base line=68 mm
Fixation distance b mm | 450 | 730 | 237 | 129 | 550 |
” ” diopters | 2.22 D | 1.37 D | 4.22 D | 7.75 D | 1.82 D |
Displacement of central thread b−y | 10.5 mm | 6.0 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 2.0 |
Separation of outer threads 2x | 256 mm | 256 | 117 | 117 | 120 |
Hering-Hillebrand deviation value H | 0.108 | 0.068 | 0.203 | 0.366 | 0.086 |
Table 11
Data for apparent frontal plane of Liebermann and the computed value of H for each fixation distance.2a=base line=66 mm
Fixation distance mm | 250 | 500 | 1000 |
” ” diopters | 4.0 D | 2.0 D | 1.0 D |
Hering-Hillebrand deviation value H | 0.122 | 0.080 | 0.040 |
Table 12
Data for apparent frontal plane of Lau and the computed value of H for each fixation distance.2a=base line=64.5 mm
Fixation distance b mm | 240 | 360 | 480 | 1440 |
” ” diopters | 4.17 D | 2.78 D | 2.08 D | 0.69 D |
Lateral separation x mm | 6.0 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 36.0 |
Displacement of center thread from plane of outer two (b−y) mm | 0.09 | 0.015 | 0.00 | −1.10 |
Mean variation | 0.05 mm | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.5 |
Hering-Hillebrand deviation value H | 0.105 | 0.167 | 0.134 | 0.100 |
Table 13
Tabulations of the mean deviations from mean settings of the wires for the apparent frontal plane and the grid-nonius longitudinal horopter at the various peripheral angles.
Fixation distance diopters | Mean deviation for peripheral angle Seconds of arc | Number of readings |
---|
|
---|
(a) K.N. Ogle. Apparent frontal plane |
|
| 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° | |
0.164 | | | | | | | |
(6 m) | — | 5″ | 5″ | 11″ | 13″ | — | 18 |
1.33 | | | | | | | |
(75.6 cm) | 7″ | 10″ | 14″ | 35″ | 52″ | 67″ | 70 |
2.50 | | | | | | | |
(40 cm) | 12″ | 15″ | 22″ | 46″ | 71″ | 120″ | 240 |
4.94 | | | | | | | |
(20.2 cm) | — | 32″ | 62″ | 89″ | 170″ | 320″ | 82 |
|
(b) F.D. Comfort. Apparent frontal plane |
|
| 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° | |
0.164 | | | | | | | |
(6 m) | 3.4″ | 5″ | 9″ | 20″ | 28″ | — | 60 |
1.33 | | | | | | | |
(75.6 cm) | 14″ | 22″ | 32″ | 61″ | 110″ | 190″ | 10 |
2.50 | | | | | | | |
(40 cm) | 20″ | 39″ | 72″ | 170″ | 310″ | — | 104 |
4.94 | | | | | | | |
(20.2 cm) | — | 115″ | 140″ | 220″ | 450″ | 590″ | 12 |
|
(c) K.N. Ogle. Grid-nonius longitudinal horopter data |
|
| 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° | 16° | |
1.33 | | | | | | | |
75.6 cm | 20″ | 35″ | 50″ | 90″ | 110″ | — | 22 |
2.50 | | | | | | | |
40 cm | 30″ | 40″ | 70″ | 138″ | 280″ | — | 450 |
4.94 | | | | | | | |
20.2 cm | — | 145″ | 290″ | 360″ | 570″ | 670″ | 22 |
Table 14
The data for the grid nonius longitudinal horopter for K.N. Ogle with asymmetrical convergence. Fixation distance 40 cm.
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) Looking right 8° (6 readings) | |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −4.0 | −4.05 | −1.3 | −0.1 | −0.4 | | −1.4 | −2.6 | −3.47 | −17.2 | −29.8 |
Mean dev.± | 4.0 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 0.67 | | 0.45 | 0.6 | 1.01 | 2.6 | 3.37 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −0.45 | 1.10 | 1.85 | 1.75 | 3.05 | | −0.65 | −0.20 | 1.15 | −0.46 | −0.22 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.80 | 1.08 | 1.62 | 1.95 | 1.81 | | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.67 |
|
(b) Looking left 8° (6 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −31.8 | −20.1 | −8.9 | −3.83 | −2.1 | | 0.18 | 0.5 | 2.65 | −0.6 | −4.3 |
Mean dev.± | 4.68 | 2.57 | 3.13 | 1.07 | 0.72 | | 0.45 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 1.8 | 1.52 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | 0.65 | 1.35 | 1.65 | 1.52 | 2.00 | | −1.5 | −1.05 | 0.35 | −0.10 | −4.0 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.94 | 0.77 | 1.88 | 1.07 | 1.44 | | 1.22 | 1.20 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 0.30 |
Table 15
Data for the grid-nonius longitudinal horopter for F.D. Comfort for asymmetrical convergence. Fixation distance 40 cm.
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) Looking right 8° (5 readings) | |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −23.02 | −13.5 | −0.38 | 3.34 | 2.36 | | 5.36 | 6.92 | 9.72 | 10.78 | 10.06 |
Mean dev.± | 5.10 | 2.52 | 1.30 | 0.91 | 1.63 | | 1.27 | 2.26 | 2.22 | 1.38 | 4.81 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −1.20 | −0.60 | −3.12 | −6.45 | −9.60 | | 8.95 | 5.60 | 4.10 | 3.15 | 2.75 |
% value of mean dev.± | 1.02 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 1.18 | 4.41 | | 2.54 | 2.26 | 1.33 | 0.42 | 0.96 |
|
(b) Looking left 8° (5 readings) |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 0.98 | 3.82 | 7.18 | 5.38 | 4.54 | | 1.96 | 1.18 | −2.46 | −10.14 | −18.06 |
Mean dev.± | 3.38 | 3.86 | 1.78 | 0.90 | 1.31 | | 1.01 | 1.61 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 4.57 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −1.40 | −1.10 | −2.80 | −4.20 | −7.50 | | 8.25 | 4.20 | 1.92 | 1.57 | 2.20 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.68 | 1.16 | 1.07 | 0.90 | 2.62 | | 2.72 | 2.10 | 1.03 | 0.50 | 0.91 |
Table 16
Angular rotation of field in degrees with fixation distances indicated.
Difference in size of dioptric images of the two eyes | Theoretical values for 65 mm P.D. | Experimental checks |
---|
|
---|
K.N. Ogle 63 mm P.D. | F.D. Comfort 63 mm P.D. | A. Ames, Jr. 68 mm P.D. |
---|
|
|
|
|
|
---|
| 40 cm | 75.6 cm | 6 m | 40 cm | 76.5 cm | 6 m | 40 cm | 76.5 cm | 6 m | 40 cm | 76.5 cm | 6 m |
0.5% | 1.8° | 3.3° | 25.1° | — | — | — | — | — | 22.4° | — | — | — |
1.0% | 3.5° | 6.6° | 43.1° | 4.2°±1.2° | 7.2°±0.9° | 40.0° | 2.7°±1.0° | 5.8°±1.4° | — | 4.1° | 6.5°±0.3° | 32.2° |
2.0% | 7.0° | 13.0° | 61.7° | 7.2° | — | — | 5.5° | — | — | — | 12.4°±0.6° | — |
3.0% | 10.4° | 19.0° | 70.2° | 9.5°±1.7° | 15.6°±2.3° | — | 10.2°±1.1° | 16.3°±1.4° | — | — | 17.8°±0.2° | — |
Table 17
The spatial and analytic graphs for the grid-nonius longitudinal horopter when a 1.50 percent magnifying lens (zero power) is placed before the right eye. Data of K.N. Ogle. (13 Readings.)
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 4.4 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | | −1.4 | −2.5 | −4.5 | −8.0 | −12.6 |
Mean dev.± | 1.76 | 1.32 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.42 | | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 1.88 | 2.76 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −4.3 | −3.4 | −2.2 | −1.1 | −0.4 | | −2.9 | −2.4 | −1.5 | −0.0 | 1.0 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.73 | 0.95 | | 0.66 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.52 |
Table 18
The spatial and analytic graphs for the apparent frontal planes when 5 diopter prisms flat base are placed before the eyes base in and base out. Data of A. Ames, Jr. (5 Readings.)
Left field | Right field |
---|
|
|
---|
(a) Base in | |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | −17.8 | −9.06 | −2.56 | −1.10 | −0.32 | | −0.12 | 0.24 | 0.30 | −3.60 | −8.64 |
Mean dev.± | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | 0.10 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.70 | 0.40 | | 0.60 | 0.85 | 1.30 | 1.22 | 1.75 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.40 | | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.32 |
|
(b) Base out |
|
Lane | 12° | 8° | 4° | 2° | 1° | 0 | 1° | 2° | 4° | 8° | 12° |
Reading—mm | 4.48 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 0.24 | 0.40 | | 0.06 | −0.10 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 2.52 |
Mean dev.± | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.5 |
% value from iso-mag. curve | −4.10 | −2.50 | −1.71 | −0.85 | −1.25 | | 0.45 | 0.45 | 1.37 | 2.29 | 3.93 |
% value of mean dev.± | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
Table 19
Table showing the change in the size of the dioptric image of an object placed at 6.1 m, when different power lenses are placed at the anterior focus of one eye.
Dioptric power of lens | When the eye remains accommodated for 6.1 m | When the accommodation of the eye changes to absorb the power of the lens |
---|
|
|
|
---|
+10.0 | 26.8% | 22.5% |
+7.5 | 18.8 | 15.7 |
+5.0 | 11.8 | 9.8 |
+4.0 | 9.2 | 7.6 |
+3.0 | 6.8 | 5.5 |
+2.0 | 4.4 | 3.6 |
+1.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
−1.0 | −2.1 | −1.8 |
−2.0 | −4.0 | −3.4 |
−3.0 | −6.0 | −5.0 |
−4.0 | −7.8 | −6.5 |
−5.0 | −9.5 | −7.9 |
−7.5 | −13.7 | −11.4 |
−10.0 | −17.4 | −14.5 |