Abstract

In this tutorial, a classical Langevin equation, a classical Markov equation, and a quantum Langevin equation are used to model the amplification and attenuation of an optical signal. Equations are derived for the photon-number moments (mean and variance). All three approaches produce the same moment equations. In the first approach, the moments of the noise sources must be specified (using physical insight), whereas in the second and third approaches, they are determined self-consistently and satisfy the shot-noise rule: The number variance is driven at a rate that equals the sum of the moduli of the rates in the mean equation.

Stochastic and probabilistic equations for three- and four-level lasers: tutorial

C. J. McKinstrie
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37(5) 1333-1358 (2020)

Sub-Poissonian shot noise of a high internal gain injection photon detector

Omer Gokalp Memis, Alex Katsnelson, Soon-Cheol Kong, Hooman Mohseni, Minjun Yan, Shuang Zhang, Tim Hossain, Niu Jin, and Ilesanmi Adesida
Opt. Express 16(17) 12701-12706 (2008)

Microwatt shot-noise measurement

A. M. Bacon, H. Z. Zhao, L. J. Wang, and J. E. Thomas
Appl. Opt. 34(24) 5326-5330 (1995)

Stokes polarimeter optimization in the presence of shot and Gaussian noise

David Lara and Carl Paterson
Opt. Express 17(23) 21240-21249 (2009)

Estimating random errors due to shot noise in backscatter lidar observations

Zhaoyan Liu, William Hunt, Mark Vaughan, Chris Hostetler, Matthew McGill, Kathleen Powell, David Winker, and Yongxiang Hu
Appl. Opt. 45(18) 4437-4447 (2006)