Abstract

A thorough theoretical analysis of Mach–Zehnder-type ridge guide modulators has been performed in this paper. A novel electrode/waveguide structure was identified, yielding low driving voltages for high bandwidth operation. Based on this design, the fabrication of improved modulators was developed, introducing various novelties: low-loss Ti-indiffused wet-etched ridge guides in LiNbO$_{3}$, a complete ridge guide interferometer, and a specific electrode structure to be used with ridge interferometers. The operation of the modulator was demonstrated, yielding $V_{\pi} = 2.14$ V and $V_{\pi}L = 5.35$ V${\cdot}$cm at low frequencies and an on–off extinction ratio of 20 dB.

© 2009 IEEE

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