Abstract
Modal characteristics of antiresonant reflecting optical
waveguide (ARROW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are studied
under high current injection. It is found that the influence of carrier spatial
hole burning increases the radiation loss margin of ARROW at low injection
current, while the thermal lensing effect significantly reduces radiation
loss margin of ARROW at high injection current. Hence, the excitation of multiple-transverse
modes in VCSELs is inevitable under high injection current even if the dimensions
of the ARROW have been optimized to maximum radiation loss margin. Therefore,
it is proposed to modify the refractive index profile of the ARROW to compensate
against the influence of thermal lensing in VCSELs. It can be shown that the
radiation loss margin of the modified ARROW can remain unchanged under the
influence of thermal lensing if the dimensions and refractive index profile
of the ARROW are properly designed. Hence, stable single-mode operation can
be obtained in ARROW VCSELs at high injection current.
© 2008 IEEE
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