Abstract

Pyroprocessing of used nuclear fuel (UNF) has many advantages—including that it is proliferation resistant. However, as part of the process, special nuclear materials accumulate in the electrolyte salt and present material accountability and safeguards concerns. The main motivation of this work was to explore a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) approach as an online monitoring technique to enhance the material accountability of special nuclear materials in pyroprocessing. In this work, a vacuum extraction method was used to draw the molten salt (CeCl₃-GdCl₃-LiCl-KCl) up into 4 mm diameter Pyrex tubes where it froze. The salt was then removed and the solid salt was measured using LIBS and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). A total of 36 samples were made that varied the CeCl₃ and GdCl₃ (surrogates for uranium and plutonium, respectively) concentrations from 0.5 wt% to 5 wt%. From these samples, univariate calibration curves for Ce and Gd were generated using peak area and peak intensity methods. For Ce, the Ce 551.1 nm line using the peak area provided the best calibration curve with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.099 wt% and a root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 0.197 wt%. For Gd, the best curve was generated using the peak intensities of the Gd 564.2 nm line resulting in a LOD of 0.027 wt% and a RMSECV of 0.295 wt%. The RMSECV for the univariate cases were determined using leave-one-out cross-validation. In addition to the univariate calibration curves, partial least squares (PLS) regression was done to develop a calibration model. The PLS models yielded similar results with RMSECV (determined using Venetian blind cross-validation with 17% left out per split) values of 0.30 wt% and 0.29 wt% for Ce and Gd, respectively. This work has shown that solid pyroprocessing salt can be qualitatively and quantitatively monitored using LIBS. This work has the potential of significantly enhancing the material monitoring and safeguards of special nuclear materials in pyroprocessing.

© 2017 The Author(s)

Univariate and multivariate analyses of rare earth elements by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Chet R. Bhatt, Fang Y. Yueh, and Jagdish P. Singh
Appl. Opt. 56(8) 2280-2287 (2017)

Simple method for liquid analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

D. C. Zhang, Z. Q. Hu, Y. B. Su, B. Hai, X. L. Zhu, J. F. Zhu, and X. Ma
Opt. Express 26(14) 18794-18802 (2018)

On-stream analysis of iron ore slurry using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Xiao Cheng, Xinyan Yang, Zhihao Zhu, Lianbo Guo, Xiangyou Li, Yongfeng Lu, and Xiaoyan Zeng
Appl. Opt. 56(33) 9144-9149 (2017)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for rapid accurate analysis of Mg, Ca, and K in edible sea salts

Hyang Kim, Van Tho Ngo, Sandeep Kumar, Won Bae Lee, Jeong Park, Song-Hee Han, Sang-Ho Nam, Kyung-Sik Ham, and Yonghoon Lee
Appl. Opt. 58(36) 9940-9948 (2019)

Simultaneous analysis of Cr and Pb in contaminated pork by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Mingyin Yao, Gangfu Rao, Lin Huang, Muhua Liu, Hui Yang, Jinyin Chen, and Tianbing Chen
Appl. Opt. 56(29) 8148-8153 (2017)