Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aluminum plasma in the absence and presence of magnetic field

Naveed Ahmed Chishti; Shazia Bashir; Asadullah Dawood; Muhammad Asad Khan

doi:10.1364/AO.58.001110

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 4,
pp. 1110-1120
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.001110

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aluminum plasma in the absence and presence of magnetic field

Naveed Ahmed Chishti, Shazia Bashir, Asadullah Dawood, and Muhammad Asad Khan

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Naveed Ahmed Chishti, Shazia Bashir, Asadullah Dawood, and Muhammad Asad Khan, "Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aluminum plasma in the absence and presence of magnetic field," Appl. Opt. 58, 1110-1120 (2019)

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Abstract

The effect of magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aluminum (Al) plasma has been investigated. Al targets were exposed to Nd:YAG laser pulses at different irradiances ranging from $1 {GWcm}^{- 2}$ to $2.7 {GWcm}^{- 2}$ , under argon (Ar) and neon (Ne) environments at various pressures ranging from 5 torr to 760 torr and at different time delays from 0.42 μs to 9.58 μs. All spectroscopy measurements were performed in the absence and presence of transverse magnetic field of strength 0.9 tesla. When laser irradiance is increased by keeping the pressure (10 torr) and time delay constant (1.25 μs), both excitation temperature ( $T_{e}$ ) and number density ( $n_{e}$ ) increase up to certain values. The same trend is observed for $T_{e}$ and $n_{e}$ when the ambient gas pressure of Ar and Ne is increased by keeping the irradiance ( $1.7 {GWcm}^{- 2}$ ) and time delay constant. At higher irradiances and pressures, saturation is observed, which is attributed to the self-regulating regime of plasma. In the case of time delay, both electron temperature and number density decay exponentially, which is according to the adiabatic expansion model. It is revealed that emission intensity and electron temperature are higher in the presence of magnetic field as compared to the field-free case, which is attributed to magnetic confinement, as well as the joule heating effect. Plasma plume confinement is confirmed by analytical evaluation factor $β$ . $β$ is an analytical factor that is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure, i.e., $β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$ . It confirms the validity of magnetic field confinement if $β$ is less than 1. As the evaluated values of $β$ are less than 1 for all cases, they confirm the validity of magnetic confinement.

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Wavelength (nm)Al (I)	Transitions	Upper-Level Energy $(E_{m}) ({cm}^{- 1})$	Statistical Weight $(gm)$	Transition Probabilities $(\times 10^{8} s^{- 1})$
422.05	$3 s^{2} .4 p - 3 s .3 p^{2}$	56724.38	4	.00563
426.628	$3 s .3 p^{2} - 3 s .3 p . (3 Po) .5 d$	80158	4	.0163
483.0932	$3 s 2.9 d - 3 s .3 p . (3 Po) .3 d$	67635.13	4	.00088
505.134	$3 s .3 p^{2} - 3 s .3 p . (3 Po) .4 d$	76521.7	6	.0228

Irradiance $({GWcm}^{- 2})$	1	1.40	1.70	2.0	2.4	2.7
Excitation temperature $(K) \times 10^{3}$	8.07	8.24	8.42	8.12	8.07	7.88
Number density $n_{e} \times 10^{17} {cm}^{- 3}$	3.29	4.10	4.90	4.82	4.44	4.13
Plasma pressure (torr)	275	350	427	405	371	337
Magnetic pressure (torr)	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420
$β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$	0.114	0.145	0.177	0.168	0.153	0.139

Irradiance $({GWcm}^{- 2})$	1	1.40	1.70	2.0	2.4	2.7
Excitation temperature $(K) \times 10^{3}$	7.58	7.95	8.13	7.7	7.36	7.04
Number density $n_{e} ({cm}^{- 3}) \times 10^{17}$	2.91	3.46	4.44	4.22	4.18	4.13
Plasma pressure(Torr)	228	285	373	340	318	300
Magnetic pressure (torr)	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420
$β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$	.0945	0.118	0.154	0.141	0.132	0.124

Pressure (torr)	5	10	20	30	40	50	70	80	100	200	300	400	600	760
Excitation temperature $(K) \times 10^{3}$	6.90	7.17	7.30	7.47	7.70	7.88	8.06	8.46	8.13	7.78	7.36	7.25	7.19	7.17
Electron number density $(\times 10^{17} {cm}^{- 3})$	3.38	3.52	3.77	5.00	5.31	5.53	5.92	5.63	5.18	4.80	4.76	4.69	4.36	4.20
Plasma pressure (torr)	241	261	285	387	423	451	494	493	436	387	363	352	325	312
Magnetic pressure (torr)	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420
$β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$	0.0998	0.108	0.118	0.16	0.175	0.187	0.204	0.204	0.108	0.16	0.150.	0.146	0.134	0.129

Pressure(torr)	5	10	20	30	40	50	70	80	100	200	300	400	600	760
Excitation temperature $(\times 10^{3} K)$	6.90	7.17	7.30	7.47	7.70	7.88	8.06	8.13	8.06	7.78	7.36	7.25	7.19	7.17
Electron number density $(\times 10^{17} {cm}^{- 3})$	2.72	3.03	3.19	3.67	3.98	4.61	5.02	5.32	4.95	4.65	4.44	4.37	4.29	3.89
Plasma pressure(torr)	194	225	241	284	317	376	419	444	417	375	339	328	320	289
Magnetic pressure(torr)	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420
$β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$	.0802	0.093	0.0997	0.117	0.131	0.156	0.173	0.184	0.172	0.155	0.14	0.136	0.132	0.12

Time delay(µsec)	0.42	0.83	1.25	1.67	2.08	2.92	3.75	4.58	5.42	6.25	7.08	7.92	9.58
Excitation temperature $(K)$	6840	6710	6590	6470	6360	6250	6140	6040	5890	5800	5710	5620	5570
Electron number density $(\times 10^{17} {cm}^{- 3})$	3.38	3.22	3.06	2.73	2.48	2.40	2.24	2.07	1.90	1.73	1.65	1.57	1.39
Plasma pressure(torr)	239	224	209	183	163	155	142	129	116	104	97.5	91.2	80.2
Magnetic pressure(torr)	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420	2420
$β = \frac{Plasma pressure}{Magnetic pressure}$	0.0990	0.0926	0.0864	0.0756	0.0675	0.0642	0.0588	0.0535	0.048	0.0431	0.0404	0.0377	0.0332

Sample	Melting Point $(K)$	Boiling Point $(K)$	Reflectivity at 1064 nm	Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)	Density $({gcm}^{- 3})$	Electron Temperature $(K)$		Electron Number Density $(\times 10^{18} {cm}^{- 3})$
Sample	Melting Point $(K)$	Boiling Point $(K)$	Reflectivity at 1064 nm	Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)	Density $({gcm}^{- 3})$	With $B$	Without $B$	With $B$	Without $B$
Al	933	2743	0.95	215	2.70	8420	8070	0.49	0.35
$V_{2} O_{5}$	690	1750	0.15	0.838	3.35	7280	7039	3.22	2.2
$C$	3540	4000	0.56	470	2.67	6140	4500	0.74	0.68
${ZrO}_{2}$	2988	4573	0.12	2.7	5.68	5600	5475	4.25	3.5

Abstract

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Equations (12)

Applied Optics