Diurnal temperature variations in the lower troposphere as measured by an all-day-operational pure rotational Raman lidar

Xiangliang Pan; Xiangliang Pan; Xiangliang Pan; Fan Yi; Fan Yi; Fan Yi; Fuchao Liu; Fuchao Liu; Fuchao Liu; Yunpeng Zhang; Yunpeng Zhang; Yunpeng Zhang; Yanying Yan; Yanying Yan; Yanying Yan

doi:10.1364/AO.394484

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 28,
pp. 8688-8696
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.394484

Diurnal temperature variations in the lower troposphere as measured by an all-day-operational pure rotational Raman lidar

Xiangliang Pan, Fan Yi, Fuchao Liu, Yunpeng Zhang, and Yanying Yan

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Xiangliang Pan, Fan Yi, Fuchao Liu, Yunpeng Zhang, and Yanying Yan, "Diurnal temperature variations in the lower troposphere as measured by an all-day-operational pure rotational Raman lidar," Appl. Opt. 59, 8688-8696 (2020)

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Abstract

We describe a pure rotational Raman lidar for measuring the all-day temperature profiles in the lower troposphere. The lidar is made up of a frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser at 354.82 nm with ${\sim}{{250}}\;{\rm{mJ}}$ pulse energy at the 30 Hz repetition rate, a 200 mm receiving telescope, and narrow-band interference-filter-based detection optics. The lidar performance is shown by measured examples. Under clear sky conditions, with an integration time of 60 min and a vertical resolution of 90 m, the ${\rm{1 -}}\sigma$ statistical uncertainty does not exceed 1 K up to the altitude of ${\sim}{4.1}\;{\rm{km}}$ during nighttime, while the corresponding altitude is ${\sim}{2.3}\;{\rm{km}}$ at noon. The diurnal temperature variation characteristics have been revealed by the lidar measurements with the ${\rm{1 -}}\sigma$ statistical uncertainty ${\lt}{{1}}\;{\rm{K}}$ between altitudes ranging from 0.6 to ${\sim}{2.0}\;{\rm{km}}$ at Wuhan, China (30.53°N, 114.37°E). The atmospheric temperature shows a strong diurnal oscillation and moderate semidiurnal oscillation at altitudes 0–1.4 km for two days in July 2019 (July period), 0–1.4 km for four days in September 2019 (September period), and 0–0.8 km for three days in January 2018 (January period), respectively. The mean diurnal and semidiurnal amplitudes of the nine days are respectively ${\sim}{1.4}\;{\rm{K}}$ and ${\sim}{0.5}\;{\rm{K}}$ at the 0.6 km altitude, while the corresponding surface values are ${\sim}{4.2}\;{\rm{K}}$ and ${\sim}{1.4}\;{\rm{K}}$, respectively. The diurnal amplitudes tend to weaken with increasing altitude. At altitudes ${\gt}{0.6}\;{\rm{km}}$, the diurnal amplitude in the September period is less than that in the July period, but greater than that in the January period. The phase delays of the diurnal oscillations are ${\sim}{{3}}\;{\rm{h}}$ in the July period, 5–6 h in the September period, and 5–7 h in the January period compared to those at the surface, respectively. Both the diurnal amplitudes and phase delays indicate a possible seasonal dependence.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Diurnal temperature variations and harmonic analyses

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Transmitter
Laser	Flash-lamp-pumped injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser (PRO-270-30EH, Spectra Physics, US)
	Pulse energy: $\sim 250 m J$ at 354.82 nm
	Repetition rate: 30 Hz
	Linewidth: $< 0.003 {c m}^{- 1}$
	Pulse duration: $\sim 8 n s$
Beam expander	$5 \times$
	Expanded beam divergence: $\sim 0.1 m r a d$
Receiver
Telescope	Clear aperture: 200 mm
	Focal length: 2000 mm
	Field of view: $\sim 1.3 m r a d$ (controllable)
Beam splitter^a	BS1: Split Ratio $(T : R) = 1 : 1$
	BS2: Split $R a t i o (T : R) = 9 : 1$
Neutral-density filter	$T = 1 %$
Interference filter^b	$I F 1 : C W L = 354.82 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.3 n m, T_{p e a k} = 55 %$ , $T_{o u t b a n d} < 10^{- 6}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 1$
	$I F 2 : C W L = 354.07 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.15 n m, T_{p e a k} = 46 %$ , $T_{e l a s t i c} < 10^{- 2.5}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 3$
	$I F 3 : C W L = 353.47 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.2 n m, T_{p e a k} = 50 %$ , $T_{e l a s t i c} < 10^{- 3}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 3$
Photomultiplier tube	H10721P-210, Hamamatsu
Channel	1. Elastic signal
	2. Low- $J$ anti-Stokes PRR signal
	3. High- $J$ anti-Stokes PRR signal
Data Acquisition System
Transient recorder	Three-channel TR20-160, LICEL GmbH, Germany
	A/D: 16 bits-20 MHz, PC: 250 MHz
	Bin width: 50 ns

September (four days)
	Diurnal			Semidiurnal
Altitude (km)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)
Sfc.	5.1	15	0	1.6	2	0
0.6	1.5	20	5	0.6	4	2
0.8	1.3	21	6	0.5	4	2
1.0	1.1	21	6	0.4	5	3
1.4	0.6	21	6	0.4	6	4

July (two days)
	Diurnal			Semidiurnal
Altitude (km)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)
Sfc.	2.9	16	0	0.6	2	0
0.6	1.5	19	3	0.2	6	4
0.8	1.5	19	3	0.2	6	4
1.0	1.3	19	3	0.2	6	4
1.4	1.1	19	3	0.3	9	7

January (three days)
	Diurnal			Semidiurnal
Altitude (km)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)	Amplitude (K)	Phase (hours)	Phase Delay (hours)
Sfc.	4.6	16	0	2.0	2	0
0.6	1.1	21	5	0.6	3	1
0.8	1.1	23	7	0.1	6	4

Transmitter
Laser	Flash-lamp-pumped injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser (PRO-270-30EH, Spectra Physics, US)
	Pulse energy: $\sim 250 m J$ at 354.82 nm
	Repetition rate: 30 Hz
	Linewidth: $< 0.003 {c m}^{- 1}$
	Pulse duration: $\sim 8 n s$
Beam expander	$5 \times$
	Expanded beam divergence: $\sim 0.1 m r a d$
Receiver
Telescope	Clear aperture: 200 mm
	Focal length: 2000 mm
	Field of view: $\sim 1.3 m r a d$ (controllable)
Beam splitter^a	BS1: Split Ratio $(T : R) = 1 : 1$
	BS2: Split $R a t i o (T : R) = 9 : 1$
Neutral-density filter	$T = 1 %$
Interference filter^b	$I F 1 : C W L = 354.82 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.3 n m, T_{p e a k} = 55 %$ , $T_{o u t b a n d} < 10^{- 6}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 1$
	$I F 2 : C W L = 354.07 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.15 n m, T_{p e a k} = 46 %$ , $T_{e l a s t i c} < 10^{- 2.5}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 3$
	$I F 3 : C W L = 353.47 n m$ , $F W H M = 0.2 n m, T_{p e a k} = 50 %$ , $T_{e l a s t i c} < 10^{- 3}$ , $A O I = 0^{\circ}$ , $Q t y = 3$
Photomultiplier tube	H10721P-210, Hamamatsu
Channel	1. Elastic signal
	2. Low- $J$ anti-Stokes PRR signal
	3. High- $J$ anti-Stokes PRR signal
Data Acquisition System
Transient recorder	Three-channel TR20-160, LICEL GmbH, Germany
	A/D: 16 bits-20 MHz, PC: 250 MHz
	Bin width: 50 ns

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Cited By

Figures (6)

Tables (4)

Equations (6)

Applied Optics