Diel variability of bulk optical properties associated with the growth and division of small phytoplankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Fernanda Henderikx Freitas; Fernanda Henderikx Freitas; Mathilde Dugenne; Mathilde Dugenne; François Ribalet; Annette Hynes; Benedetto Barone; Benedetto Barone; David M. Karl; David M. Karl; Angelicque E. White; Angelicque E. White

doi:10.1364/AO.394123

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 22,
pp. 6702-6716
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.394123

Diel variability of bulk optical properties associated with the growth and division of small phytoplankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Fernanda Henderikx Freitas, Mathilde Dugenne, François Ribalet, Annette Hynes, Benedetto Barone, David M. Karl, and Angelicque E. White

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Fernanda Henderikx Freitas, Mathilde Dugenne, François Ribalet, Annette Hynes, Benedetto Barone, David M. Karl, and Angelicque E. White, "Diel variability of bulk optical properties associated with the growth and division of small phytoplankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre," Appl. Opt. 59, 6702-6716 (2020)

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- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 1, 2020
- Revised Manuscript: June 5, 2020
- Manuscript Accepted: June 5, 2020
- Published: July 28, 2020

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Abstract

Cross-platform observing systems are requisite to capturing the temporal and spatial dynamics of particles in the ocean. We present simultaneous observations of bulk optical properties, including the particulate beam attenuation (${\textit{c}_{\textit{p}}}$) and backscattering (${b_{\text{bp}}}$) coefficients, and particle size distributions collected in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Clear and coherent diel cycles are observed in all bulk and size-fractionated optical proxies for particle biomass. We show evidence linking diurnal increases in ${\textit{c}_{\textit{p}}}$ and ${\textit{b}}_{\text{bp}}$ to daytime particle growth and division of cells, with particles ${\lt}{{7}}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$ driving the daily cycle of particle production and loss within the mixed layer. Flow cytometry data reveal the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Crocosphaera (${\sim}{{4 {-} 7}}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$) to be an important driver of ${\textit{c}_{\!\textit{p}}}$ at the time of sampling, whereas Prochlorococcus dynamics (${\sim}{0.5}\;\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}$) were essential to reproducing temporal variability in $\textit{b}_{\text{bp}}$. This study is a step towards improved characterization of the particle size range represented by in situ bulk optical properties and a better understanding of the mechanisms that drive variability in particle production in the oligotrophic open ocean.

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	$c_{p}$		$b_{bp}$
	$r^{2}$	UPD (%)	$r^{2}$	UPD (%)
$S F_{P r o}$	0.06	12	0.43	4
$S F_{S y n}$	0.11	11	0.16	6
$I F C B_{C r o c o}$	0.73	5	0.26	6
$I F C B_{4 - 20}$	0.56	6	0.30	5
${L I S S T}_{2 - 4}$	0.67	9	0.41	6
${L I S S T}_{4 - 7}$	0.76	4	0.37	5
${L I S S T}_{2 - 7}$	0.90	3	0.47	4
${L I S S T}_{4 - 20}$	0.73	5	0.30	5
${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	0.52	7	0.16	6
${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$	0.05	12	n.s.^a	8
${L I S S T}_{2 - 20}$	0.82	4	0.37	5

Model tested: $c_{p}$ and $b_{b p} = f$ ( $S F_{P r o}$ , $S F_{S y n}$ , $L I S S T_{2 - 7}$ , $L I S S T_{8 - 20}$ , $L I S S T_{20 - 100}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o}$ _.	$S F_{S y n .}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 7}$	${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$
$c_{p}$	0.92	3%	0.04	0.05	0.91	0.00	0.00
$b_{bp}$	0.79	3%	0.46	0.02	0.52	0.00	0.00
*Model tested:* $c_{p}$ *and* $b_{bp} = f$ ( ${SF}_{Pro}$ , ${SF}_{Syn}$ , ${LISST}_{2 - 4}$ , ${LISST}_{4 - 7}$ , ${LISST}_{8 - 20}$ , ${LISST}_{20 - 100}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o .}$	$S F_{S y n .}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 4}$	${L I S S T}_{4 - 7}$	${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$
$c_{p}$	0.94	2%	0.04	0.04	0.40	0.46	0.00	−0.05
$b_{bp}$	0.80	2%	0.45	0.03	0.08	0.44	0.00	0.00
*Model tested:* $c_{p}$ *and* $b_{bp} = f$ ( ${SF}_{Pro}$ , ${SF}_{Syn}$ , ${IFCB}_{Croco}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o .}$	$S F_{S y n .}$	${I F C B}_{C r o c o}$
$c_{p}$	0.83	5%	0.15	0.09	0.76
$b_{bp}$	0.75	5%	0.53	0.07	0.40

		$c_{p}$	$b_{bp}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 4}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 7}$	${L I S S T}_{4 - 20}$	$S F_{P r o}$	$I F C B_{C r o c o}$
Cyclone	$% Δ$	$19 \pm 4$	$15 \pm 5$	$29 \pm 1$	$20 \pm 5$	$15 \pm 4$	$56 \pm 4$	$64 \pm 72$
Cyclone	$r [d^{- 1}]$	$0.38 \pm 0.11$	$0.35 \pm 0.05$	$0.56 \pm 0.04$	$0.40 \pm 0.04$	$0.28 \pm 0.04$	$1.35 \pm 0.10$	$1.52 \pm 0.27$
Anticyclone	$% Δ$	$26 \pm 3$	$17 \pm 4$	$50 \pm 5$	$27 \pm 3$	$17 \pm 9$	$52 \pm 1$	$164 \pm 500$
Anticyclone	$r [d^{- 1}]$	$0.49 \pm 0.04$	$0.3 \pm 0.0$	$0.88 \pm 0.17$	$0.48 \pm 0.04$	$0.33 \pm 0.13$	$1.12 \pm 0.04$	$1.66 \pm 0.55$

	$c_{p}$		$b_{bp}$
	$r^{2}$	UPD (%)	$r^{2}$	UPD (%)
$S F_{P r o}$	0.06	12	0.43	4
$S F_{S y n}$	0.11	11	0.16	6
$I F C B_{C r o c o}$	0.73	5	0.26	6
$I F C B_{4 - 20}$	0.56	6	0.30	5
${L I S S T}_{2 - 4}$	0.67	9	0.41	6
${L I S S T}_{4 - 7}$	0.76	4	0.37	5
${L I S S T}_{2 - 7}$	0.90	3	0.47	4
${L I S S T}_{4 - 20}$	0.73	5	0.30	5
${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	0.52	7	0.16	6
${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$	0.05	12	n.s.^a	8
${L I S S T}_{2 - 20}$	0.82	4	0.37	5

Model tested: $c_{p}$ and $b_{b p} = f$ ( $S F_{P r o}$ , $S F_{S y n}$ , $L I S S T_{2 - 7}$ , $L I S S T_{8 - 20}$ , $L I S S T_{20 - 100}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o}$ _.	$S F_{S y n .}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 7}$	${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$
$c_{p}$	0.92	3%	0.04	0.05	0.91	0.00	0.00
$b_{bp}$	0.79	3%	0.46	0.02	0.52	0.00	0.00
*Model tested:* $c_{p}$ *and* $b_{bp} = f$ ( ${SF}_{Pro}$ , ${SF}_{Syn}$ , ${LISST}_{2 - 4}$ , ${LISST}_{4 - 7}$ , ${LISST}_{8 - 20}$ , ${LISST}_{20 - 100}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o .}$	$S F_{S y n .}$	${L I S S T}_{2 - 4}$	${L I S S T}_{4 - 7}$	${L I S S T}_{8 - 20}$	${L I S S T}_{20 - 100}$
$c_{p}$	0.94	2%	0.04	0.04	0.40	0.46	0.00	−0.05
$b_{bp}$	0.80	2%	0.45	0.03	0.08	0.44	0.00	0.00
*Model tested:* $c_{p}$ *and* $b_{bp} = f$ ( ${SF}_{Pro}$ , ${SF}_{Syn}$ , ${IFCB}_{Croco}$ )
Fit Metrics			Standardized Lasso Coefficients
	$r^{2}$	UPD	$S F_{P r o .}$	$S F_{S y n .}$	${I F C B}_{C r o c o}$
$c_{p}$	0.83	5%	0.15	0.09	0.76
$b_{bp}$	0.75	5%	0.53	0.07	0.40

Fernanda Henderikx Freitas	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4422-1396
Mathilde Dugenne	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9316-1473
François Ribalet	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-0234
Annette Hynes	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-5883
Benedetto Barone	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1102-7837
David M. Karl	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6660-6721
Angelicque E. White	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0938-7948

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Applied Optics