Simulation of reconfigurable double-input optical gates based on a microring flower-like structure. part I. basic gates

Mohammad Seifi Laleh; Mohammad Razaghi

doi:10.1364/AO.385962

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 15,
pp. 4589-4598
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.385962

Simulation of reconfigurable double-input optical gates based on a microring flower-like structure. part I. basic gates

Mohammad Seifi Laleh and Mohammad Razaghi

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Mohammad Seifi Laleh and Mohammad Razaghi, "Simulation of reconfigurable double-input optical gates based on a microring flower-like structure. part I. basic gates," Appl. Opt. 59, 4589-4598 (2020)

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Abstract

In this paper, a simulation and general analysis of nonlinear microring resonators (MRRs) as all-optical switches are discussed in a flower-like structure. These MRRs are modulated through an optical pump beam, which receives temporal shift of MRRs’ resonance wavelengths. These shifts are a result of the refractive index changing due to carrier injection. A green laser is used as the optical pump to shift the resonant wavelength of each MRR. This proposed structure can operate as all-optical logic gates. Of those innovations are reconfigurable structure to achieve various gates, integrating capability, and a high extinction ratio between zero and one logical levels. This configuration would be useful to design optical integrated circuits.

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			Resonance Status of MRRs
A	B	Input Port	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	Optical Forward Path	Drop Port	Optical Gate
0	0	1st	on	on	on	off	off	1-3-2	1st	$A^{'} \cdot B^{'}$
0	1	1st	on	off	on	on	off	1-3-4	3rd	$A^{'} \cdot B$
1	0	1st	off	N.A	on	N.A	N.A	-	2nd	$A$
1	1	1st	off	N.A	on	N.A	N.A	-	2nd	$A$

	Intensity (a.u.)
Input-Drop	Max	Min	Logic	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
1-1	0.246	0.174	0	13.99	14.73	0.0055	75.12
1-1	0.811	0.808	1	13.99	14.73	0.0055	75.12
1-4	0.0327	0.0321	0	14.65	18.81	0.0445	73.78
1-4	0.294	0.291	1	14.65	18.81	0.0445	73.78
1-3	0.029	0.025	0	13.58	18.51	0.0051	81.48
1-3	0.679	0.671	1	13.58	18.51	0.0051	81.48
1-2	0.166	0.159	0	17.32	17.46	0.094	81.46
1-2	0.917	0.904	1	17.32	17.46	0.094	81.46

	Intensity (a.u.)
Input-Drop	Max	Min	Logic	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
2-2	0.287	0.153	0	13.96	14.84	0.042	74.8
2-2	0.811	0.802	1	13.96	14.84	0.042	74.8
2-3	0.167	0.157	0	17.41	17.52	0.0119	81.8
2-3	0.916	0.908	1	17.41	17.52	0.0119	81.8
2-1	0.0327	0.0321	0	19.57	19.68	0.0074	88.8
2-1	0.294	0.291	1	19.57	19.68	0.0074	88.8
2-4	0.0298	0.0268	0	23.56	23.61	0.0052	95.6
2-4	0.688	0.675	1	23.56	23.61	0.0052	95.6

	Intensity (a.u.)
Input-Drop	Max	Min	Logic	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
3-3	0.268	0.143	0	13.98	15.14	0.517	75.17
3-3	0.812	0.808	1	13.98	15.14	0.517	75.17
3-2	0.0328	0.0315	0	19.57	19.92	0.0044	88.7
3-2	0.298	0.284	1	19.57	19.92	0.0044	88.7
3-4	0.173	0.156	0	17.32	17.48	0.0953	81.4
3-4	0.918	0.902	1	17.32	17.48	0.0953	81.4
3-1	0.0297	0.0278	0	23.66	23.79	0.0056	95.5
3-1	0.698	0.677	1	23.66	23.79	0.0056	95.5

	Intensity (a.u.)
Input-Drop	Max	Min	Logic	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
4-4	0.266	0.167	0	13.98	14.78	0.0145	75.03
4-4	0.823	0.807	1	13.98	14.78	0.0145	75.03
4-3	0.0336	0.0293	0	19.45	19.56	0.0236	88.8
4-3	0.296	0.268	1	19.45	19.56	0.0236	88.8
4-2	0.031	0.0168	0	18.12	18.96	0.096	91
4-2	0.714	0.695	1	18.12	18.96	0.096	91
4-1	0.178	0.159	0	17.31	17.54	0.0014	81.87
4-1	0.918	0.8903	1	17.31	17.54	0.0014	81.87

			Resonance Status of MRRs
A	B	Input Port	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	Forward Path	Drop Port	Optical Gate
0	0	1st	On	On	On	Off	Off	1-3-2	1st	$A^{'} \cdot B^{'}$
		2nd	N.A	N.A	On	Off	N.A	—	3rd	$B^{'}$
		3rd	N.A	N.A	On	N.A	Off	—	4th	$A^{'}$
		4th	On	On	On	Off	Off	2-3-1	2nd	$A^{'} \cdot B^{'}$
0	1	1st	On	Off	On	On	Off	1-3-4	3rd	$A^{'} \cdot B$
		2nd	On	Off	On	On	Off	4-3-1	2nd	$A^{'} \cdot B$
		3rd	N.A	N.A	On	N.A	Off	—	4th	$A^{'}$
		4th	N.A	Off	On	N.A	N.A	—	1st	$B$
1	0	1st	Off	N.A	On	N.A	N.A	—	2nd	$A$
		2nd	N.A	N.A	On	Off	N.A	—	3rd	$B^{'}$
		3rd	Off	On	On	Off	On	5-3-2	1st	$A \cdot B^{'}$
		4th	Off	On	On	Off	On	2-3-5	4th	$A \cdot B^{'}$
1	1	1st	Off	N.A	on	N.A	N.A	—	2nd	$A$
		2nd	Off	Off	On	On	On	4-3-5	4th	$A \cdot B$
		3rd	Off	Off	On	On	On	5-3-4	3rd	$A \cdot B$
		4th	N.A	Off	On	N.A	N.A	—	1st	$B$

Optical Gate	Combination of Operators	Input-Drop Combination Port
$A \oplus B$	$A \cdot B^{'} + A^{'} \cdot B$	$(3 - 1) + (1 - 3)$
		$(3 - 1) + (2 - 2)$
		$(4 - 4) + (1 - 3)$
		$(4 - 4) + (2 - 2)$
$A ⊙ B$	$A \cdot B + A^{'} \cdot B^{'}$	$(1 - 1) + (2 - 4)$
		$(1 - 1) + (3 - 3)$
		$(4 - 2) + (2 - 4)$
		$(4 - 2) + (3 - 3)$

Optical Gate	Combination of Operators	Input-Drop Combination Port
$A$	$A$	(1-2)
	$A \cdot B^{'} + A \cdot B$	$(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)$
		$(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)$
		$(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)$
		$(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)$
$B$	$B$	$(4 - 1)$
	$A \cdot B + A^{'} \cdot B$	$(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$
		$(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$
		$(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$
		$(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$

Optical Gate	Combination of Operators	Input-Drop Combination Port
$A + B$	$A + B$	$(1 - 2) + (4 - 1)$
	$A + (A \cdot B + A^{'} \cdot B)$	$(1 - 2) + [(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$
		$(1 - 2) + [(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$
		$(1 - 2) + [(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$
		$(1 - 2) + [(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$
	$(A \cdot B + A \cdot B^{'}) + B$	$[(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)] + (4 - 1)$
		$[(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)] + (4 - 1)$
		$[(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)] + (4 - 1)$
		$[(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)] + (4 - 1)$
	$(A \cdot B + A \cdot B^{'}) + (A \cdot B + A^{'} \cdot B)$	$[(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)] + [(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)] + [(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)] + [(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (3 - 1)] + [(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)] + [(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)] + [(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)] + [(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(2 - 4) + (4 - 4)] + [(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)] + [(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)] + [(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)] + [(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (3 - 1)] + [(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)] + [(2 - 4) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)] + [(2 - 4) + (2 - 2)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)] + [(3 - 3) + (1 - 3)$ ]
		$[(3 - 3) + (4 - 4)] + [(3 - 3) + (2 - 2)$ ]

		Intensity (a.u.)			Power (mW)
Input-Drop	Optical Gate	Max	Min	Logic	Max	Min	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
3-4	$A^{'}$	0.28	0.156	0	0.056	0.0312	13.15	14.96	1.042	67.56
		0.834	0.696	1	0.1668	0.1392
$(1 - 1) + (3 - 3)$	$A ⊙ B$	0.302	0.286	0	0.0604	0.0572	12.95	13.84	1.67	59.9
		0.803	0.613	1	0.1606	0.1226
2-3	$B^{'}$	0.293	0.176	0	0.0586	0.0352	13.07	14.81	1.035	67.72
		0.831	0.663	1	0.1662	0.1326

		Intensity (a.u.)			Power (mW)
Input-Drop	Optical Gate	Max	Min	Logic	Max	Min	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
1-2	$A$	0.288	0.166	0	0.0576	0.0332	13.66	14.95	1.07	64.97
		0.827	0.646	1	0.1654	0.1292
$(4 - 4) + (2 - 2)$	$A \oplus B$	0.321	0.301	0	0.0642	0.0602	12.87	13.77	1.66	51.2
		0.809	0.59	1	0.1618	0.118
$4 - 1$	$B$	0.301	0.17	0	0.0602	0.034	13.12	14.82	1.032	68.51
		0.835	0.678	1	0.167	0.1356

		Intensity (a.u.)			Power (mW)
Input-Drop	Optical Gate	Max	Min	Logic	Max	Min	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
( $1 - 2) + (4 - 1$ )	$A + B$	0.393	0.382	0	0.0786	0.0764	13.18	13.69	0.884	60.04
		0.987	0.798	1	0.1974	0.1596
( $1 - 2) + (2 - 3$ )	$A + B^{'}$	0.386	0.362	0	0.0772	0.0724	13.04	13.68	0.833	60.35
		0.984	0.803	1	0.1968	0.1606
( $3 - 4) + (4 - 1$ )	$A^{'} + B$	0.392	0.384	0	0.0784	0.0768	13.15	13.77	0.838	61.49
		0.982	0.808	1	0.1964	0.1616
( $3 - 4) + (2 - 3$ )	$A^{'}$ + $B^{'}$	0.151	0.144	0	0.0302	0.0288	17.32	18.01	0.821	81.45
		0.986	0.811	1	0.1972	0.1622

		Intensity (a.u.)			Power (mW)
Input-Drop	Optical Gate	Max	Min	Logic	Max	Min	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
1-2	$A$	0.288	0.166	0	0.0576	0.0332	13.66	14.95	1.07	64.97
		0.827	0.646	1	0.1654	0.1292
$(4 - 4) + (2 - 2)$	$A \oplus B$	0.321	0.301	0	0.0642	0.0602	12.87	13.77	1.66	51.2
		0.809	0.59	1	0.1618	0.118
$4 - 1$	$B$	0.301	0.17	0	0.0602	0.034	13.12	14.82	1.032	68.51
		0.835	0.678	1	0.167	0.1356

		Intensity (a.u.)			Power (mW)
Input-Drop	Optical Gate	Max	Min	Logic	Max	Min	ER (dB)	CR (dB)	AM (dB)	EO%
( $1 - 2) + (4 - 1$ )	$A + B$	0.393	0.382	0	0.0786	0.0764	13.18	13.69	0.884	60.04
		0.987	0.798	1	0.1974	0.1596
( $1 - 2) + (2 - 3$ )	$A + B^{'}$	0.386	0.362	0	0.0772	0.0724	13.04	13.68	0.833	60.35
		0.984	0.803	1	0.1968	0.1606
( $3 - 4) + (4 - 1$ )	$A^{'} + B$	0.392	0.384	0	0.0784	0.0768	13.15	13.77	0.838	61.49
		0.982	0.808	1	0.1964	0.1616
( $3 - 4) + (2 - 3$ )	$A^{'}$ + $B^{'}$	0.151	0.144	0	0.0302	0.0288	17.32	18.01	0.821	81.45
		0.986	0.811	1	0.1972	0.1622

Abstract

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Tables (12)

Equations (17)

Applied Optics