Self-referenced terahertz refractive index sensor based on a cavity resonance and Tamm plasmonic modes

M. Mehdi Keshavarz; Abbas Alighanbari

doi:10.1364/AO.391210

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 14,
pp. 4517-4526
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.391210

Self-referenced terahertz refractive index sensor based on a cavity resonance and Tamm plasmonic modes

M. Mehdi Keshavarz and Abbas Alighanbari

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M. Mehdi Keshavarz and Abbas Alighanbari, "Self-referenced terahertz refractive index sensor based on a cavity resonance and Tamm plasmonic modes," Appl. Opt. 59, 4517-4526 (2020)

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Abstract

A self-referenced terahertz (THz) refractive index sensor is proposed. The structure consists of two opposite-facing, graphene-covered distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), with a cavity formed in between. The cavity is filled with the ambient medium, and its resonance frequency is sensitive to the changes of the ambient refractive index. On the other hand, Tamm-plasmonic modes, which are excited at the DBR-graphene boundaries, are insensitive to the ambient refractive index and thus provide a frequency reference. The proposed structure is studied using a semi-analytical transfer matrix method (TMM). The sensor, studied for gas sensing, achieves a sensitivity of 0.982 THz per refractive index unit (THz/RIU), and a figure of merit (FoM) of $142\,\,{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$ at the cavity resonance frequency of 1.1 THz. The effects of different parameters on the sensor’s performance are also investigated. Compared to the previous high-performance THz refractive index sensing approaches, the proposed structure is simpler because it requires no phase- or polarization-matching devices, such as polarizers, prisms, and gratings. Moreover, it provides a self-referenced operation, which was rarely achievable using previous methods.

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Polarization	$θ_{i}$	$Δ S$	$Δ F o M$	$Δ {F W H M}_{T P P}$
$s$	5°	$- 7.2 %$	$+ 2.3 %$	$+ 0.2 %$
$p$	5°	$- 9.7 %$	$- 5 %$	$+ 3.46 %$
$s$	10°	$- 25 %$	$+ 6.92 %$	$+ 2.5 %$
$p$	10°	$- 32 %$	$- 23.8 %$	$+ 18 %$

Reference	Mechanism	Structure	$S$ (THz/RIU)	$S / f_{0}$ ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Self-Referenced
[15]	Surface plasmon resonance	Otto ( $P r i s m + \dots$ )	6.65	$≃ 0.887$ ^a	1187	No
[19]	Plasmonic structure	Metamaterial	0.139	$≃ 0.2$ ^a	$≃ 3$ ^a	No
[22]	Toroidal dipole resonance	Metasurface	0.52	0.217^a	244	No
[23]	Metamaterial absorber	Graphene metamaterial	22.72	2.42^a	34.96	No
[25]	Fano resonance	Metamaterial	1.444	$≃ 0.16$ ^a	6.566	No
[27]	Spoof plasmons	$O t t o + G r a t i n g s$	0.52	0.304^a	49	No
[32]	Guided-mode resonance	Grating slot waveguide	0.438	0.373^a	692	No
[35]	Photonic $B a n d g a p + P l a s m o n i c s$	$2 D B R s + N a n o w i r e s$	$≃ 1.3$ ^a	$≃ 0.218$ ^a	$≃ 30$ ^a	Yes
[67]	Tamm plasmons (TPP)	$D B R + G r a p h e n e$	0.744	0.657	10.33	No
This work	$T P P + C a v i t y r e s o n a n c e$	$2 D B R s + G r a p h e n e$	0.982	0.893	142	Yes

Polarization	$θ_{i}$	$Δ S$	$Δ F o M$	$Δ {F W H M}_{T P P}$
$s$	5°	$- 7.2 %$	$+ 2.3 %$	$+ 0.2 %$
$p$	5°	$- 9.7 %$	$- 5 %$	$+ 3.46 %$
$s$	10°	$- 25 %$	$+ 6.92 %$	$+ 2.5 %$
$p$	10°	$- 32 %$	$- 23.8 %$	$+ 18 %$

Reference	Mechanism	Structure	$S$ (THz/RIU)	$S / f_{0}$ ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	FOM ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Self-Referenced
[15]	Surface plasmon resonance	Otto ( $P r i s m + \dots$ )	6.65	$≃ 0.887$ ^a	1187	No
[19]	Plasmonic structure	Metamaterial	0.139	$≃ 0.2$ ^a	$≃ 3$ ^a	No
[22]	Toroidal dipole resonance	Metasurface	0.52	0.217^a	244	No
[23]	Metamaterial absorber	Graphene metamaterial	22.72	2.42^a	34.96	No
[25]	Fano resonance	Metamaterial	1.444	$≃ 0.16$ ^a	6.566	No
[27]	Spoof plasmons	$O t t o + G r a t i n g s$	0.52	0.304^a	49	No
[32]	Guided-mode resonance	Grating slot waveguide	0.438	0.373^a	692	No
[35]	Photonic $B a n d g a p + P l a s m o n i c s$	$2 D B R s + N a n o w i r e s$	$≃ 1.3$ ^a	$≃ 0.218$ ^a	$≃ 30$ ^a	Yes
[67]	Tamm plasmons (TPP)	$D B R + G r a p h e n e$	0.744	0.657	10.33	No
This work	$T P P + C a v i t y r e s o n a n c e$	$2 D B R s + G r a p h e n e$	0.982	0.893	142	Yes

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Equations (14)

Applied Optics